IPSIndian Journal of Pharmacology
Home  IPS  Feedback Subscribe Top cited articles Login 
Users Online : 3645 
Small font sizeDefault font sizeIncrease font size
Navigate Here
  Search
 
  
Resource Links
 »  Similar in PUBMED
 »  Search Pubmed for
 »  Search in Google Scholar for
 »Related articles
 »  Article in PDF (1,278 KB)
 »  Citation Manager
 »  Access Statistics
 »  Reader Comments
 »  Email Alert *
 »  Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
In This Article
 »  Abstract
 » Introduction
 »  Molecular Basics...
 »  Materials and Me...
 »  Results and Disc...
 »  Other Strategies...
 »  2019-Novel Coron...
 »  Clinical Trial U...
 » Conclusion
 »  References
 »  Article Figures
 »  Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed36685    
    Printed910    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded1058    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 277    

Recommend this journal

 


 
 Table of Contents    
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 52  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 56-65
 

Drug targets for corona virus: A systematic review


1 Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
2 Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
3 Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
4 Departmentsof Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India

Date of Submission13-Feb-2020
Date of Decision23-Feb-2020
Date of Acceptance25-Feb-2020
Date of Web Publication11-Mar-2020

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Bikash Medhi
Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_115_20

Rights and Permissions

 » Abstract 


The 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a major source of disaster in the 21th century. However, the lack of specific drugs to prevent/treat an attack is a major need at this current point of time. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review to identify major druggable targets in coronavirus (CoV). We searched PubMed and RCSB database with keywords HCoV, NCoV, corona virus, SERS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV, crystal structure, X-ray crystallography structure, NMR structure, target, and drug target till Feb 3, 2020. The search identified seven major targets (spike protein, envelop protein, membrane protein, protease, nucleocapsid protein, hemagglutinin esterase, and helicase) for which drug design can be considered. There are other 16 nonstructural proteins (NSPs), which can also be considered from the drug design perspective. The major structural proteins and NSPs may serve an important role from drug design perspectives. However, the occurrence of frequent recombination events is a major deterrent factor toward the development of CoV-specific vaccines/drugs.


Keywords: Coronavirus, drug targets, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome


How to cite this article:
Prajapat# M, Sarma# P, Shekhar# N, Avti P, Sinha S, Kaur H, Kumar S, Bhattacharyya A, Kumar H, Bansal S, Medhi B. Drug targets for corona virus: A systematic review. Indian J Pharmacol 2020;52:56-65

How to cite this URL:
Prajapat# M, Sarma# P, Shekhar# N, Avti P, Sinha S, Kaur H, Kumar S, Bhattacharyya A, Kumar H, Bansal S, Medhi B. Drug targets for corona virus: A systematic review. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 28];52:56-65. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2020/52/1/56/280268

#Equal contribution.





 » Introduction Top


Coronaviruses (CoVs) have a single-stranded RNA genome (size range between 26.2 and 31.7 kb, positive sense), covered by an enveloped structure.[1] The shape is either pleomorphic or spherical, and it is characterized by bears club-shaped projections of glycoproteins on its surface (diameter 80–120 nm).[1] Among all the RNA viruses, the RNA genome of CoV is one among the largest.[2] The number of open reading frames (ORFs) in the CoV genome ranges from six to ten.[2] CoV genetic material is susceptible for frequent recombination process, which can give rise to new strains with alteration in virulence.[3] There are seven strains of human CoVs, which include 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, and 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV), responsible for the infection with special reference to the involvement of the respiratory tract (both lower and upper respiratory tract), e.g., common cold, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and other system symptoms such as occasional watery and diarrhea.[4],[5] Among these seven strains, three strains proved to be highly pathogenic (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV), which caused endemic of severe CoV disease.[5] The reservoir of SARS-CoV is unknown, but bats and subsequent spread to Himalayan palm civets are hypothesized.[6] MERS-CoV also has a zoonotic origin in the Middle East, and the transmission is through camels.[7] Among these, the SARS-CoV outbreak started in 2003 in Guangdong province of China and the second outbreak of the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2012 in Saudi Arabia.[1],[4],[6] Previous to these two attacks, CoV was known to cause milder disease, and these two outbreaks highlighted their adaptive potential to the changing environmental conditions and they are classified under “emerging viruses.” Knowledge about the structure, metabolic pathways of CoV, and pathophysiology of CoV-associated diseases is important to identify possible drug targets.[8]

The most important structural proteins of CoV are spike (S) protein (trimeric), membrane (M) protein, envelop (E) protein, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Some of the viruses such as beta-CoVs also have hemagglutinin esterase (HE) glycoprotein.[3] The RNA genome of CoV has seven genes that are conserved in the order: ORF1a, ORF1b, S, OEF3, E, M, N in 5' to 3' direction. The two-third part of the RNA genome is covered by the ORF1a/b, which produces the two viral replicase proteins that are polyproteins (PP1a and PP1ab).[9] Sixteen mature nonstructural proteins (NSPs) arise from further processing of these two PPs. These NSPs take part in different viral functions including the formation of the replicase transcriptase complex. The remaining genome part of the virus encodes the mRNA which produces the structural proteins, i.e., spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid, and other accessory proteins.[9] Another important envelop-associated protein which is expressed by only some strains of CoV is the HE protein.[10] The RNA genome of CoV is packed in the nucleocapsid protein and further covered with envelope.[11]


 » Molecular Basics of Transmission of Coronavirus Top


In case of SARS-CoV, transmission is through droplet infection (respiratory secretions) and close person-to-person contact.[11],[12] It can also spread through sweat, stool, urine, and respiratory secretions.[13] When virus enters into the body, it binds to the primary target cells such as enterocytes and pneumocytes,[11],[12] thereby establishing a cycle of infection and replication. Other target cells of CoV are epithelial renal tubules, tubular epithelial cells of kidney, immune cells, and cerebral neuronal cells.[11],[12]

CoV attaches to the target cells with the help of spike protein–host cell protein interaction (angiotensin converting enzyme-2 [ACE-2] interaction in SARS-CoV[14] and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] in MERS-CoV[15]). After the receptor recognition, the virus genome with its nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm of the host cells. The viral genome contains ORF1a and ORF1b genes, which produce two PPs that are pp1a and pp1b,[16] which help to take command over host ribosomes for their own translation process.[17] Both pp1a and pp1b take part in the formation of the replication transcription complex.[16] After processing of PP by protease, it produces 16 NSPs. All NSPs have their own specific functions such as suppression of host gene expression by NSP1 and NSP2, formation of a multidomain complex by NSP3, NSP5 which is a M protease which has role in replication,[17] NSP4 and NSP6 which are transmembrane (TM) proteins,[18] NSP7 and NSP8 which act as a primase,[16] NSP9 – a RNA-binding protein, the dimeric form of which is important for viral infection. Induction of disturbance to the dimerization of NSP9[19] can be a way to overcome CoV infection.[20] NSP10 acts as a cofactor for the activation of the replicative enzyme.[21] NSP12 shows RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, NSP13 shows helicase activity, NSP14 shows exoribonuclease activity, NSP15 shows endoribonuclease activity, and NSP16 has methyltransferase activity.[18] All NSPs have an important role in replication and transcription.[18]

Synthesized proteins such as M, E, and S are entered into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) complex and make the structure of viral envelope.[22] On the other hand, the replicated genome binds to N protein and forms the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The outer cover is formed by the M, E, and S proteins.[22] Finally, the virus particle comes out of the ERGIC by making a bud-like structure.[23] These mature virions form a vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the virus particles into the extracellular region.[23],[24] The detailed structure of CoV and its life cycle is depicted in [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. On infection, the SARS-CoV and MERS-COV cause a surge of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which cause damage to lung tissue,[13] deterioration of lung function, and then finally lung failure in some cases.[25]
Figure 1: Structural details of Coronavirus

Click here to view
Figure 2: The life cycle of CoV in host cells. The S proteins of CoV binds to cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is followed by entry of the viral RNA genome into the host cell and translation of structural and non structural proteins (NSP) follows. ORF1a and ORF1ab are translated to produce pp1a and pp1ab polyproteins, which are cleaved by the proteases that are encoded by ORF1a to yield 16 non-structural proteins. This is followed by assembly and budding into the lumen of the ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). Virions are then released from the infected cell through exocytosis. S: spike, E: envelope, M: membrane, N: nucleocapsid. PP: polyproteins, ORF: Open reading frame, CoV: coronavirus

Click here to view


Currently, there is no specific antiviral drug for the treatment of CoV-associated pathologies. Most treatment strategies focus on symptomatic management and supportive therapy only.[26],[27] Some therapeutic agents that are under development or being used off-label are ribavirin, interferon (IFN)-α, and mycophenolic acid.[7] There are many newspaper articles citing effectiveness of anti-HIV drugs: ritonavir,[28],[29] lopinavir,[29] either alone or in combination with oseltamivir,[29] remdesivir, and chloroquine;[28] and among these, ritonavir, remdesivir, and chloroquine showed efficacy at cellular level[28] which further need experimental support and validation.

As there is no well-defined therapy available, which specifically targets CoV, in this article, we have reviewed the possible protein structures, which could be potential targets for the development of a therapeutic approach for the treatment of CoV.


 » Materials and Methods Top


Database screen

We screened PubMed and RCSB database with the keywords HCoV, NCoV, corona virus, SERS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV, crystal structure, X-ray crystallography structure, NMR structure, target, and drug target till Feb 3, 2020. The database files were extracted using endnote, and title and abstract screening was done using Rayyan QCRI. Full texts of these screened articles were further screened for possible inclusion in the systematic review. Articles that evaluated different druggable targets of CoV and evaluated different therapeutic measures against some identifiable target were included for further review.


 » Results and Discussion Top


A total of 392 articles were found after preliminary screening of the databases. After title and abstract screening, a total of 230 articles were excluded. Full-text screening of the remaining 154 articles was done. Among these studies, after full-text screening, a total of 122 articles were included in the final review. The PRISMA flowchart of the study is shown in [Figure 3]. Thirty-two articles were excluded after full-text screen (review articles = 7, articles not specifying drug targets against CoV = 22, articles in other language other than English = 3). Details of studies with important structural and functional target proteins are summarized in [Table 1].
Figure 3: Flowchart

Click here to view
Table 1: Details of studies representing protein database structures of major targets in coronavirus and their structures

Click here to view


Spike protein

The spike protein is a clove-shaped, type I-TM protein.[2] The spike protein has three segments that are ectodomain (ED) region, TM region, and intracellular domain, which comprises the intracellular short tail part.[2] The receptor-binding S1 domain (three S1 heads) and the membrane fusion subunit S2 (trimeric stalk) on C-terminal together comprise the ED. Spike proteins gather in the trimeric form on the outer surface of the virion, giving it the appearance of a crown, due to which it is called CoV.[2] The spike protein plays an important role in virus entry into the host.[10] Initial interactions between the S1 domain and its host receptor (ACE2 in case of SARS-CoV and PP 4 In case of MERS-CoV) and subsequent S2 segment mediated fusion of the host and viral membranes allow the CoV- RNA genome to enter inside the host cells and thus, these proteins represent as important targets from drug discovery side.[10] The spike protein also activates the immune response of the host cell toward CoV.[10]

S1 domain

The main components of the S1 domain are the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domain (CTD). The S1 domain acts as a major antigen on the surface of the virus[40] and has a receptor-binding domain (RBD).[25] The 18 residues of ACE-2 interact with the RBD (contain 14 amino acids) of SARS-CoV spike protein,[45] and for this contact, K341 of ACE-2 and R453 residue of RBD play the most important role. If point mutated on the D454 or R441 of RBD, it disturbs the binding activity with ACE-2.[25] The S1 domain interacts with the ACE-2 or DPP-4 receptors of the host. Anti-ACE-2 antibody blocked viral entry and replication in Vero E6 cells.[14],[45] One another mechanism of virus for binding to host cell is using dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN receptor) or L-SIGN in lymph nodes or in liver.[46],[47] S protein has seven (109, 118, 119, 158, 227, 589, and 699) glycosylation asparagine-linked sites, which is pivotal for both L-SIGN- or DC-SIGN-based virus entry into the host.[48]

S2 subunit

The S2 subunit has two heptad repeat regions (HR 1 and 2) and hydrophobic fusion peptide.[25]

Drug designing strategies targeting S protein and its interactions

The RBD is targeted in many drug designing studies.[25] A peptide sequence with sequence similarity to the RBD of S protein hampered S1-RBD: ACE-2 interaction and prevented entry of SARS-CoV into Vero cells (IC50 around 40 μM).[25],[49],[50]

A SARS-CoV RBD-specific antibody (FM6) failed to inhibit the occurrence of infection.[39]

OC43-HR2P, a peptide derived from heptad repeat 2 regions of S2 domain of HCoV-OC43 and its optimized form EK1, showed pan-CoV fusion inhibition property.[39] The structure (protein data bank [PDB] ID 5ZUV and 5ZVM) shows a s[table 6]-helix bundle structure with α-HCoV and long β-HCoV-HR1 domain.[39]

Chloroquine, an antimalarial agent, inhibits SERS-CoV by elevation of endosomal pH and alters the terminal glycosylation of ACE-2, which ultimately interferes with the virus receptor binding.[51]

Other inhibitors SSAA09E2 block the S-ACE2 interaction, SSAA09E1 inhibits the host protease cathepsin L (which is important for viral entry), and SSAA09E3 prevents fusion of host and viral cell membrane.[52]

Kao et al. identified 18 small molecules that targeted the S-ACE-2-mediated entry of virus into human cell.[53] In 293T cells expressing ACE-2, one of these agents (VE607) showed a significant inhibition of SARS-pseudovirus entry.[53] In Vero E6 cells, two other molecules tetra-O-galloyl beta-D-glucose and luteolin also inhibited SARS-pseudovirus and SARS-CoV infection.[53] In virus-infected Vero E6 cells, a siRNA against the S sequences of SARS-CoV inhibited SARS-CoV replication.[25],[54]

The S230 antibody (origin: memory B-cells of SARS-CoV-infected persons) neutralizes wide spectrum of isolates of SARS-CoV.[55] S230 antibody Fab fragment binds to the SARS-CoV complex to neutralize it, and their structures are also available (PDB IDs: 6NB6, 6NB7, and 6NB8.[55] The monoclonal antibody, m396, has a competitive role for RBD binding (PDB ID: 2DD8).[56]

Monoclonal antibody can be generated by immunizing the spike protein of SERS-CoV (transgenic mice) or from the B-cells of CoV-infected persons.[25] Spike-specific monoclonal antibodies 80R and CR301 block the S-ACE-2 interactions and thus neutralize infection by human SARS-CoV (HKu39849 and Tor2) and palm civet strain (SZ3).[25]

Mice vaccinated with SARS-n DNA showed T-cell immune response (both induction and proliferation),[57] and cytotoxic T-cell response was seen against SARS-DNA-transfected alveolar epithelial cells.

Envelop protein (E)

The E protein is the smallest (8.4–12 kDa size) TM structural protein of CoV.[58],[59] Two distinct domains comprise the E protein: the hydrophobic domain and the charged cytoplasmic tail. However, the structure is highly variable among different members of the CoV family.[59]

The E protein has a special role in viral morphogenesis, especially during assembly and egress.[59] CoVs lacking E protein show lower viral titer, immature, and inefficient progenies.[58],[60] Oligomerization of E proteins leads to the formation of ion channels.[61] However, the importance of these ion channels is still not clear. Many other studies infer that the E protein acts in coordination with other intracellular proteins and modulates the activity of those proteins.[59] E protein also acts as a virulence factor.[59] E protein has an important role in CoV assembly and budding formation.[24] Apart from this, E protein found around the ER and Golgi body regions.[60] Hexamethylene amiloride blocks this E protein-associated ion channel activity in the mammalian cells expressing SERS-CoV envelop protein.[62]

Membrane protein

Maintenance of the shape of the viral envelope is the most important function of the M protein,[60] and the M protein performs this job by interacting with other CoV proteins,[63] incorporation of Golgi complex into new virions,[60] and stabilization of nucleocapsid protein.[60]

The M protein is characterized by three TM domains[64] with C-terminal inside (long) and N-terminal (short) outside.[63] The details of the protein structure is available in UniProt.[65] Through multiple protein–protein interactions, the M protein plays a crucial role in viral intracellular homeostasis.[60] Interaction between M–M, M–S, and M–N proteins takes a special part in viral assembly.[60] The M–S interactions are necessary for the interaction of spike protein in the ERGIC complex, also known as the Golgi complex, which is later incorporated into new viral progenies.[60] The M–N interactions are crucial for the stabilization of the RNP complex (nucleocapsid–RNA complex), which forms the viral core.[60] The M protein and the N protein are the major viral envelope proteins, defining viral shape, but it also takes part in the formation and release of virus-like particles.[60]

M protein also takes part in the sensitization of the host by the virus.[66] The M protein of SARS-CoV activates the nuclear factor kappa pathway and IFN-beta pathway, through a Toll-like receptor-dependent mechanism. Again, a mutated M protein (V-68) failed to illicit an IFN-beta response.[66]

Mice vaccinated with SARS-M DNA showed T-cell immune response (both induction and proliferation),[57] and cytotoxic T-cell response was seen against SARS-DNA-transfected alveolar epithelial cells.

Nucleocapsid protein (N)

The structure of nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is conserved across different members of the CoV family. The three characteristic intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of the nucleocapsid (N) protein are the N-arm, central linker (CL), and the C-tail.[4] The NTD and the CTD are the major structural and functional domain of the nucleocapsid protein. The most important function of the N protein NTD is RNA binding, while the primary job of the CTD is dimerization.[4],[9] As the CL region is rich in arginine and serine residue content, it also contains a large number of phosphorylation sites.[26] The C-terminal IDRs take an important part in nucleocapsid protein oligomerization and N–M protein interactions.[67]

Formation and maintenance of the RNP complex are the most important functions of the N protein.[9] It also regulates the replication and transcription of viral RNA, and in the host, it inhibits protein translation through EF1α-mediated action,[9] alteration of host cell metabolism, host cell cycle (N proteins are reported to inhibit CDK4), and apoptosis.[3],[9] In human peripheral blood, N protein inhibits cell proliferation through the inhibition of cytokinesis.[68]

The NTD contains sites for RNA binding. The RNA-binding sites on the NTD of N protein were identified by observing its interactions with ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates (AMP, UMP, CMP, and GMP).[26] Using the information about interaction between AMP and UMP binding to the NTD of nucleocapsid protein, inhibitors of RNA binding were designed. Three-dimensional structure with all complex can see from PDB that is 4LMC, 4LM9, 4LM7, and 4LI4, respectively.[26] One such molecule which was designed with this strategy is N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridine-2-yl) (N, N dimethyl amino) (PJ34), which was designed using the HCoV-OC43 model.[26] Binding of PJ34 on NTD affects the genome binding and replication process of CoV.[26] The crystal structure of COV-OC43 N-NTD with inhibitor PJ34 complex is given in PDB ID: 4KXJ.[26] On the basis of interactions between PJ34 and NTD of nucleocapsid protein, another inhibitor was designed that is H3 (6-chloro-7-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamino) quinoxaline-5,8-dione), which also inhibits RNA binding.[26],[69] This highlights the importance of NTD in RNA binding. Some of the herbal products, such as catechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate (both are polyphenolic compounds), have shown the inhibitory action against SARS-CoV.[70]

The CTD of N protein has a primary role in oligomerization, especially the C-terminal end. A C-terminal tail peptide sequence N377–389 competes with the oligomerization process and significant inhibition of viral titer was seen at 300 μM concentration.[71]

N220, which is a nucleocapsid protein peptide, showed a high binding affinity to human MHC-1 in T2 cells, and the peptide sequence was successful in activating T-cells (cytotoxic). In transgenic animals, the peptide further showed potential to selective killing of nucleocapsid protein expressing cells and is a potential candidate for DNA vaccine.[72] Other N protein-targeted peptides of importance are NP111, NP331, and NP351.[72],[73]

Proteases

The SERS-CoV genome encodes a number of proteins. The replicase gene, which is a major component of the CoV genome encoded for 16 NSPs in the form of two large PPs (PP1a and PP1ab).[74] Two types of cysteine proteases act on these PPs to release the NSPs. The C-terminal end of these PPs is cleaved by chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (main protease [Mpro] or 3C-like protease [3CLpro]) and the N-terminal end is processed by the Mpro (also known as papain-like protease [PLpro]).[74] The first three cleavage sites of the PPs is cut by PLpro while the rest 11 sites are cleaved by CLpro, and this cleavage results in release of 16 NSPs.[75]

3C-like protease

The 3CLpro is present in homodimer form and has cys-his dyad on active site which shows protease activity.[27] If mutated on the Ser139 and phe140 positions, it abolishes the dimerization of 3CLPro (PDB ID: 3F9G).[76] This protease can cleave 11 sites in the p1 position of PP1a and PP1ab and can produce a mature protein that anchors the replication/transcription complex[3],[77] and also releases the mature NSPs.[78]

N-(benzo [1, 2, 3]triazol-1-yl)-N-(benzyl) acetamido) phenyl) carboxamides are also found to be important inhibitors of CLPro. The structure of CLPro inhibitor is with ML188 (IC50 1.5 μM) is reported (CID: 46897844, PDB ID: 3V3M).[79],[80] Another structure with CLPro inhibitor ML300 (PDB ID: 4MDS, IC50: 6.2 μM) is reported.[79] Some metal-conjugated and peptidomimetic compounds showed inhibitory activity against 3CLpro.[77] Some of the small molecules also act as an inhibitor that is arylboronic acids, quinolinecarboxylate derivatives, thiophenecarboxylate, and phthalhydrazide-substituted ketoglutamine analogs.[77] Some flavonoids are also reported to inhibit Mpro.[75] GC376 also has protease inhibitor activity.[81] A crystal structure of Mpro with small molecule inhibitor N3 is also reported (PDB ID: 2AMQ).[82] Lopinavir and ritonavir, which are the inhibitors of HIV protease, also inhibit Mpro.[83]In silico studies directed that among commercially available drugs, colistin, valrubicin, icatibant, bepotastine, epirubicin, epoprostenol, vapreotide, aprepitant, caspofungin, and perphenazine also bind to the lopinavir/ritonavir-binding site on CoV.[83]

Papain-like protease

The PLpro cleaves the N-terminal region of the PP to generate three NSPs (NSP 1, 2, and 3).[3],[74] PLpro has a catalytic core domain that contains 316 amino acid, which is responsible for cleaving replicase substrates, and a consensus sequence LXGG was required for cleavage.[78] Higher doses of zinc and zinc conjugates were found to inhibit both types of SARS protease (CLpro and PLpro).[84] Benzodioxole can inhibit the PLpro enzyme. The crystal structure of interaction is shown in PDB ID: 4OVZ, 4OWZ.[31] Through in silico approach, another new lead was identified (6577871) which was further optimized, and compound 15h (S configuration, enzyme IC50 =0.56 μM, antiviral EC50 =9.1 μM) and 15g (R configuration, enzyme IC50 =0.32 μM; antiviral EC50 =9.1 μM) were found to be the most important inhibitors.[32] The crystallized structural details of these interactions can be visualized in the PDB database (PDB ID: 2FE8 and 3E9S).[32]

Many of the protease inhibitors are being used in the treatment of COVID-19, e.g., lopinavir–ritonavir combinations.[85]

Hemagglutinin esterase

This HE enzyme is present in the envelope of CoV, more specifically among beta-coronaviridiae.[86] The HE is a marker of CoV and influenza virus evolution.[86] HE mediates reversible attachment to O-acetylated-sialic-acids by acting both as lectins and as receptor-destroying enzymes.[86] Interactions between HE in complex with sialic acid can be visualized in PDB ID: 3CL5.[86]

NTPase/helicase

NTPase/helicase plays an important role in the central dogma of the virus.[87] SARS-CoV helicase enzyme is a member of the SF1. This enzyme prefers ATP, dATP, and dCTP as substrates; it also hydrolyzed all NTPs.[88] Toxicity issues are main obstacles in the development of inhibitors of helicase, and nonspecificity of inhibitors may cause serious toxicity.[87] However, despite theoretical limitations, helicase is being increasingly recognized as a druggable target for different disease conditions.[89]


 » Other Strategies to Counter Coronavirus: Endosomal Ph Top


Once entered into the host cell, the subsequent life cycle of SERS-CoV requires low pH.[90] Inhibitors of pH-sensitive endosomal protease block CoV infection.[90],[91] Several different small compounds and molecules have been reported against virus infection. Amiodarone gets accumulated in the acidic organelles. Vacuoles on exposure to amiodarone shows alteration in intracellular organelles especially enlargement of late endosomes. In in-vitro environment, amiodarone inhibited coronavirus infection in Vero cells.[92] At priori trypsin, cleavage of S protein is essential for a successful viral entry. However, trypsin cleavage also does not affect the efficacy of amiodarone.[92]


 » 2019-Novel Coronavirus: Challenges Top


In the RCSB database, only one PDB (PDB ID: 6LU7) is there on the 2019-nCoV which is in complex with N3 (inhibitor). The complete sequence of the 2019-nCoV is available.[93] However, it is only 95% similar to bat-SL-CoVZC45 and 88% to SIRS CoV-ZSc (nucleotide blast, NCBI). This highlights the amount of recombination processes or changes that occurred in the 2019-nCoV and changes in protein structural and functional levels.


 » Clinical Trial Update on 2019-Ncov Top


A total of 233 trials are registered till date in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry[94] (dated Feb 24, 2020, keywords 2019-nCov and COVID-19). Among the pharmacotherapeutic agents evaluated, some of the highlighted agents, which are being evaluated, are high-dose Vitamin C, favipiravir, adalimumab, dihydro-artemisinin piperaquine, leflunomide, dipyridamole, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, suramin sodium, lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol (umifenovir) tablets, and IFN-alpha 2b. Other important agents being evaluated are Huo-Shen particles, Xiyanping injection, Shen-Fu injection, etc., many of which are from traditional Chinese medicines background. Use of stem cells is also evaluated frequently.[94]


 » Conclusion Top


Drug discovery against the CoV is a challenging job owing to frequent recombination events. The development of a vaccine is another important aspect. We need more structural biology details and details of the life cycle of the CoV, which can speed up the drug/vaccine development process against CoV. Again, as a preventive measure, strict vigilance of viral changes in different hosts for prediction of an event is important.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
 » References Top

1.
Yang H, Bartlam M, Rao Z. Drug design targeting the main protease, the Achilles' heel of coronaviruses. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:4573-90.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Belouzard S, Millet JK, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein. Viruses 2012;4:1011-33.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Hilgenfeld R. From SARS to MERS: Crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. FEBS J 2014;281:4085-96.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Chang CK, Lo SC, Wang YS, Hou MH. Recent insights into the development of therapeutics against coronavirus diseases by targeting N protein. Drug Discov Today 2016;21:562-72.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections-More than just the common cold. JAMA 2020;323:707.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Saif LJ. Animal coronaviruses: What can they teach us about the severe acute respiratory syndrome? Rev Sci Tech 2004;23:643-60.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Al-Osail AM, Al-Wazzah MJ. The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus. Multidiscip Respir Med 2017;12:20.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Alsaadi JE, Jones IM. Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses. Future Virology 2019;14:275-86.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
McBride R, van Zyl M, Fielding BC. The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses 2014;6:2991-3018.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3:237-61.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Guo Y, Korteweg C, McNutt MA, Gu J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Virus Res 2008;133:4-12.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Gu J, Korteweg C. Pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Pathol 2007;170:1136-47.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Che X, Hou J, et al. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: Implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol 2004;203:622-30.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003;426:450-4.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Mubarak A, Alturaiki W, Hemida MG. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development. J Immunol Res.2019;2019:1-11.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Snijder EJ. The SARS-coronavirus nsp7+nsp8 complex is a unique multimeric RNA polymerase capable of both de novo initiation and primer extension. Nucleic Acids Res 2012;40:1737-47.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Stobart CC, Sexton NR, Munjal H, Lu X, Molland KL, Tomar S, et al. Chimeric exchange of coronavirus nsp5 proteases (3CLpro) identifies common and divergent regulatory determinants of protease activity. J Virol 2013;87:12611-8.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Wang H, Xue S, Yang H, Chen C. Recent progress in the discovery of inhibitors targeting coronavirus proteases. Virol Sin 2016;31:24-30.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Egloff MP, Ferron F, Campanacci V, Longhi S, Rancurel C, Dutartre H, et al. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus replicative protein nsp9 is a single-stranded RNA-binding subunit unique in the RNA virus world. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:3792-6.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Hu T, Chen C, Li H, Dou Y, Zhou M, Lu D, et al. Structural basis for dimerization and RNA binding of avian infectious bronchitis virus nsp9. Protein Sci 2017;26:1037-48.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Bouvet M, Lugari A, Posthuma CC, Zevenhoven JC, Bernard S, Betzi S, et al. Coronavirus Nsp10, a critical co-factor for activation of multiple replicative enzymes. J Biol Chem 2014;289:25783-96.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Narayanan K, Maeda A, Maeda J, Makino S. Characterization of the coronavirus M protein and nucleocapsid interaction in infected cells. J Virol 2000;74:8127-34.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016;14:523-34.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Nieto-Torres JL, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Jiménez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Llorente M, et al. Subcellular location and topology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. Virology 2011;415:69-82.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7:226-36.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Lin SY, Liu CL, Chang YM, Zhao J, Perlman S, Hou MH. Structural basis for the identification of the N-terminal domain of coronavirus nucleocapsid protein as an antiviral target. J Med Chem 2014;57:2247-57.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Shimamoto Y, Hattori Y, Kobayashi K, Teruya K, Sanjoh A, Nakagawa A, et al. Fused-ring structure of decahydroisoquinolin as a novel scaffold for SARS 3CLprotease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015;23:876-90.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Three Drugs Fairly Effective on Novel Coronavirus at Cellular Level-Xinhua. Available from: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/30/c_138742163.htm. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 03].  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Coronavirus Outbreak: Cocktail of Flu, HIV Drugs Appears to Help Fight Virus, Say Thai Doctors. India Today; 03 February, 2020. Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/coronavirus-outbreak-cocktail-flu-hiv-drugs-treatment-thai-doctors-1642783-2020-02-03. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 03].  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Bank RPD. RCSB PDB-Unreleased Structures for 3V3P. Available from: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/results/results.do?tabtoshow=Unreleased and qrid=7E90BED0. [Last accessed on 2020 Jan 25].  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Báez-Santos YM, Barraza SJ, Wilson MW, Agius MP, Mielech AM, Davis NM, et al. X-ray structural and biological evaluation of a series of potent and highly selective inhibitors of human coronavirus papain-like proteases. J Med Chem 2014;57:2393-412.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Ghosh AK, Takayama J, Rao KV, Ratia K, Chaudhuri R, Mulhearn DC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like novel protease inhibitors: Design, synthesis, protein-ligand X-ray structure and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2010;53:4968-79.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Ratia K, Saikatendu KS, Santarsiero BD, Barretto N, Baker SC, Stevens RC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease: Structure of a viral deubiquitinating enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:5717-22.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Yang H, Yang M, Ding Y, Liu Y, Lou Z, Zhou Z, et al. The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:13190-5.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Chuck CP, Chen C, Ke Z, Wan DC, Chow HF, Wong KB. Design, synthesis and crystallographic analysis of nitrile-based broad-spectrum peptidomimetic inhibitors for coronavirus 3C-like proteases. Eur J Med Chem 2013;59:1-6.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Chuck CP, Wong KB. Crystal Structure of Human Coronavirus NL63 3C-like Protease. Available from: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3TLO. [Last accessed on 2020 Jan 25].  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Wang F, Chen C, Tan W, Yang K, Yang H. Structure of main protease from human coronavirus NL63: Insights for wide spectrum anti-coronavirus drug design. Sci Rep 2016;6:22677.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Liu X, Zhang B, Jin Z, Yang H, Rao Z. The Crystal Structure of 2019-nCoV Main Protease in Complex with an Inhibitor N3. Available from: http://www.rcsb.org/structure/6LU7. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 15].  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Xia S, Yan L, Xu W, Agrawal AS, Algaissi A, Tseng CK, et al. A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaav4580.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Yuan Y, Cao D, Zhang Y, Ma J, Qi J, Wang Q, et al. Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains. Nat Commun 2017;8:15092.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Gui M, Song W, Zhou H, Xu J, Chen S, Xiang Y, et al. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding. Cell Res 2017;27:119-29.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Park YJ, Walls AC, Wang Z, Sauer MM, Li W, Tortorici MA, et al. Structures of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein in complex with sialoside attachment receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019;26:1151-7.  Back to cited text no. 42
    
43.
Song W, Gui M, Wang X, Xiang Y. Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2. PLoS Pathog 2018;14:e1007236.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
Wu K, Peng G, Wilken M, Geraghty R, Li F. SARS coronavirus: Mechanism of host receptor adaptation and rational prediction of future evolution. Available from: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3sci. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 24].  Back to cited text no. 44
    
45.
Prabakaran P, Xiao X, Dimitrov DS. A model of the ACE2 structure and function as a SARS-CoV receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;314:235-41.  Back to cited text no. 45
    
46.
Jeffers SA, Tusell SM, Gillim-Ross L, Hemmila EM, Achenbach JE, Babcock GJ, et al. CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:15748-53.  Back to cited text no. 46
    
47.
Yang ZY, Huang Y, Ganesh L, Leung K, Kong WP, Schwartz O, et al. pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN. J Virol 2004;78:5642-50.  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
Han DP, Lohani M, Cho MW. Specific asparagine-linked glycosylation sites are critical for DC-SIGN-and L-SIGN-mediated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 2007;81:12029-39.  Back to cited text no. 48
    
49.
Hu H, Li L, Kao RY, Kou B, Wang Z, Zhang L, et al. Screening and identification of linear B-cell epitopes and entry-blocking peptide of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus using synthetic overlapping peptide library. J Comb Chem 2005;7:648-56.  Back to cited text no. 49
    
50.
Han DP, Penn-Nicholson A, Cho MW. Identification of critical determinants on ACE2 for SARS-CoV entry and development of a potent entry inhibitor. Virology 2006;350:15-25.  Back to cited text no. 50
    
51.
Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J 2005;2:69.  Back to cited text no. 51
    
52.
Adedeji AO, Severson W, Jonsson C, Singh K, Weiss SR, Sarafianos SG. Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2013;87:8017-28.  Back to cited text no. 52
    
53.
Kao RY, Tsui WH, Lee TS, Tanner JA, Watt RM, Huang JD, et al. Identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus by chemical genetics. Chem Biol 2004;11:1293-9.  Back to cited text no. 53
    
54.
Wu CJ, Huang HW, Liu CY, Hong CF, Chan YL. Inhibition of SARS-CoV replication by siRNA. Antiviral Res 2005;65:45-8.  Back to cited text no. 54
    
55.
Walls AC, Xiong X, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Snijder J, Quispe J, et al. Unexpected receptor functional mimicry elucidates activation of coronavirus fusion. Cell 2019;176:1026-39.e. 15.  Back to cited text no. 55
    
56.
Prabakaran P, Gan J, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Choudhry V, Xiao X, et al. Structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor-binding domain complexed with neutralizing antibody. J Biol Chem 2006;281:15829-36.  Back to cited text no. 56
    
57.
Okada M, Takemoto Y, Okuno Y, Hashimoto S, Yoshida S, Fukunaga Y, et al. The development of vaccines against SARS corona virus in mice and SCID-PBL/hu mice. Vaccine 2005;23:2269-72.  Back to cited text no. 57
    
58.
Kuo L, Hurst KR, Masters PS. Exceptional flexibility in the sequence requirements for coronavirus small envelope protein function. J Virol 2007;81:2249-62.  Back to cited text no. 58
    
59.
Venkatagopalan P, Daskalova SM, Lopez LA, Dolezal KA, Hogue BG. Coronavirus envelope (E) protein remains at the site of assembly. Virology 2015;478:75-85.  Back to cited text no. 59
    
60.
Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: Current knowledge. Virol J 2019;16:69.  Back to cited text no. 60
    
61.
Arbely E, Khattari Z, Brotons G, Akkawi M, Salditt T, Arkin IT. A highly unusual palindromic transmembrane helical hairpin formed by SARS coronavirus E protein. J Mol Biol 2004;341:769-79.  Back to cited text no. 61
    
62.
Pervushin K, Tan E, Parthasarathy K, Lin X, Jiang FL, Yu D, et al. Structure and inhibition of the SARS coronavirus envelope protein ion channel. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000511.  Back to cited text no. 62
    
63.
Hogue BG, Machamer CE. Coronavirus structural proteins and virus assembly. Nidoviruses 2008; p. 179-200.  Back to cited text no. 63
    
64.
Arndt AL, Larson BJ, Hogue BG. A conserved domain in the coronavirus membrane protein tail is important for virus assembly. J Virol 2010;84:11418-28.  Back to cited text no. 64
    
65.
M-Membrane Protein-Human SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-M Gene and Protein. Available from: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P59596. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 03].  Back to cited text no. 65
    
66.
Wang Y, Liu L. The membrane protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus functions as a novel cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular pattern to promote beta interferon induction via a toll-like-receptor-related TRAF3-independent mechanism. mBio 2016;7:e01872-15.  Back to cited text no. 66
    
67.
Chang CK, Hou MH, Chang CF, Hsiao CD, Huang TH. The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein – Forms and functions. Antiviral Res 2014;103:39-50.  Back to cited text no. 67
    
68.
Zhou B, Liu J, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Li P, et al. The nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus inhibits cell cytokinesis and proliferation by interacting with translation elongation factor 1alpha. J Virol 2008;82:6962-71.  Back to cited text no. 68
    
69.
Chang CK, Jeyachandran S, Hu NJ, Liu CL, Lin SY, Wang YS, et al. Structure-based virtual screening and experimental validation of the discovery of inhibitors targeted towards the human coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Mol Biosyst 2016;12:59-66.  Back to cited text no. 69
    
70.
Roh C. A facile inhibitor screening of SARS coronavirus N protein using nanoparticle-based RNA oligonucleotide. Int J Nanomedicine 2012;7:2173-9.  Back to cited text no. 70
    
71.
Lo YS, Lin SY, Wang SM, Wang CT, Chiu YL, Huang TH, et al. Oligomerization of the carboxyl terminal domain of the human coronavirus 229E nucleocapsid protein. FEBS Lett 2013;587:120-7.  Back to cited text no. 71
    
72.
Cheung YK, Cheng SC, Sin FW, Chan KT, Xie Y. Induction of T-cell response by a DNA vaccine encoding a novel HLA-A*0201 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus epitope. Vaccine 2007;25:6070-7.  Back to cited text no. 72
    
73.
Zhao J, Huang Q, Wang W, Zhang Y, Lv P, Gao XM. Identification and characterization of dominant helper T-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2007;81:6079-88.  Back to cited text no. 73
    
74.
Lindner HA, Fotouhi-Ardakani N, Lytvyn V, Lachance P, Sulea T, Ménard R. The papain-like protease from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a deubiquitinating enzyme. J Virol 2005;79:15199-208.  Back to cited text no. 74
    
75.
Jo S, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim MS. Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020;35:145-51.  Back to cited text no. 75
    
76.
Hu T, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang K, Chen S, Chen J, et al. Two adjacent mutations on the dimer interface of SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease cause different conformational changes in crystal structure. Virology 2009;388:324-34.  Back to cited text no. 76
    
77.
Hsu MF, Kuo CJ, Chang KT, Chang HC, Chou CC, Ko TP, et al. Mechanism of the maturation process of SARS-CoV 3CL protease. J Biol Chem 2005;280:31257-66.  Back to cited text no. 77
    
78.
Barretto N, Jukneliene D, Ratia K, Chen Z, Mesecar AD, Baker SC. The papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has deubiquitinating activity. J Virol 2005;79:15189-98.  Back to cited text no. 78
    
79.
Turlington M, Chun A, Tomar S, Eggler A, Grum-Tokars V, Jacobs J, et al. Discovery of N-(benzo[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-N-(benzyl) acetamido) phenyl) carboxamides as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CLpro inhibitors: Identification of ML300 and noncovalent nanomolar inhibitors with an induced-fit binding. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013;23:6172-7.  Back to cited text no. 79
    
80.
Jacobs J, Grum-Tokars V, Zhou Y, Turlington M, Saldanha SA, Chase P, et al. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-based optimization of a series of N-(tert-butyl)-2-(N-arylamido)-2-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamides (ML188) as potent noncovalent small molecule inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL protease. J Med Chem 2013;56:534-46.  Back to cited text no. 80
    
81.
Perera KD, Rathnayake AD, Liu H, Pedersen NC, Groutas WC, Chang KO, et al. Characterization of amino acid substitutions in feline coronavirus 3C-like protease from a cat with feline infectious peritonitis treated with a protease inhibitor. Vet Microbiol 2019;237:108398.  Back to cited text no. 81
    
82.
Yang H, Xie W, Xue X, Yang K, Ma J, Liang W, et al. Design of wide-spectrum inhibitors targeting coronavirus main proteases. PLoS Biol 2005;3:e324.  Back to cited text no. 82
    
83.
Liu X, Wang XJ. Potential Inhibitors for 2019-nCoV Coronavirus M Protease from Clinically Approved Medicines. bioRxiv 2020.01.29.924100; 2020.  Back to cited text no. 83
    
84.
Han YS, Chang GG, Juo CG, Lee HJ, Yeh SH, Hsu JT, et al. Papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition. Biochemistry 2005;44:10349-59.  Back to cited text no. 84
    
85.
Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: The application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35:e79.  Back to cited text no. 85
    
86.
Zeng Q, Langereis MA, van Vliet AL, Huizinga EG, de Groot RJ. Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:9065-9.  Back to cited text no. 86
    
87.
Frick DN, Lam AM. Understanding helicases as a means of virus control. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:1315-38.  Back to cited text no. 87
    
88.
Karpe YA, Lole KS. NTPase and 5' to 3' RNA duplex-unwinding activities of the hepatitis E virus helicase domain. J Virol 2010;84:3595-602.  Back to cited text no. 88
    
89.
Banerjee T, Aggarwal M, Sommers JA, Brosh RM Jr., Biochemical and cell biological assays to identify and characterize DNA helicase inhibitors. Methods 2016;108:130-41.  Back to cited text no. 89
    
90.
Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:11876-81.  Back to cited text no. 90
    
91.
Bertram S, Glowacka I, Müller MA, Lavender H, Gnirss K, Nehlmeier I, et al. Cleavage and activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway trypsin-like protease. J Virol 2011;85:13363-72.  Back to cited text no. 91
    
92.
Stadler K, Ha HR, Ciminale V, Spirli C, Saletti G, Schiavon M, et al. Amiodarone alters late endosomes and inhibits SARS coronavirus infection at a post-endosomal level. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008;39:142-9.  Back to cited text no. 92
    
93.
Wuhan Seafood Market Pneumonia Virus Isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, Complete Genome; 2020. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_045512.2 [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 11].  Back to cited text no. 93
    
94.
Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR)-The World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registered Organization Registered Platform. Available from: http://www.chictr.org.cn/abouten.aspx. [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 24].  Back to cited text no. 94
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1]

This article has been cited by
1 Identification of RdRp inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 through E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking and MD simulations approaches
Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman, Muhammad Sajjad, Muhammad Akhtar Ali, Roquyya Gul, Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Khyber Shinwari, Munir Ahmad Bhinder, Muhammad Usman Ghani, Mahjabeen Saleem, Mohd Ashraf Rather, Ishtiyaq Ahmad, Adnan Amin
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023; 237: 124169
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 An overview on medicinal plants used for combating coronavirus: Current potentials and challenges
Doha H. Abou Baker, Emad M. Hassan, Souad El Gengaihi
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2023; : 100632
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 A novel compound targets the feline infectious peritonitis virus nucleocapsid protein and inhibits viral replication in cell culture
Nazleen Mohseni, Austin Royster, Songyang Ren, Yutian Ma, Melissa Pintado, Mohammad Mir, Sheema Mir
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2023; : 102976
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Antimicrobial and anti-viral effects of selenium nanoparticles and selenoprotein based strategies: COVID-19 and beyond
Amit Khurana, Prince Allawadhi, Vishakha Singh, Isha Khurana, Poonam Yadav, Kshirod Bihari Sathua, Sachin Allwadhi, Anil Kumar Banothu, Umashanker Navik, Kala Kumar Bharani
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023; : 104663
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Investigation on the interaction mechanism of different SARS-CoV-2 spike variants with hACE2: insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Jianhua Wu, Hong-Xing Zhang, Jilong Zhang
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Discovery, synthesis and in silico approach of pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrroles as SARS-CoV-2 mpro inhibitors
Kailasam Saravana Mani, Sundarraj Rajamanikandan, Balakrishnan Prabha
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Identifying potent inhibitory phytocompounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa against SARS-Coronavirus-2: structure-based virtual screening
Hanuman Singh Dagur, Esmaeil Behmard, Eerappa Rajakumara, Ebrahim Barzegari
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Small molecules in the race of COVID-19 drug development
Rajiv Jash, D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth, Moumita Jash, Achanti Suneetha
Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Modular Nanotransporters Capable of Binding to SARS-CoV-2 Virus Nucleocapsid Protein in Target Cells
Y. V. Khramtsov, A. V. Ulasov, T. N. Lupanova, G. P. Georgiev, A. S. Sobolev
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2023; 510(1): 87
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Insights into the Structural Complexities of SARS-CoV-2 for Therapeutic and Vaccine Development
Manaf Al Matar, Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli, Osman Albarri, Choong Xin Yi
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2023; 26(11): 1945
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Piezoelectric Biosensors and Nanomaterials-based Therapeutics for Coronavirus and Other Viruses: A Mini-review
Madeshwaran Sekkarapatti Ramasamy, Rakesh Bhaskar, Sung Soo Han
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2023; 23(2): 115
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Pharmaceutical approaches for COVID-19: An update on current therapeutic opportunities
Sijia Fan, Hongling Wang, Dean Wu, Lu Liu
Acta Pharmaceutica. 2023; 73(2): 157
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Unveiling the Potentiality of Shikonin Derivatives Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies
Raju Das, Sarmin Ummey Habiba, Raju Dash, Yohan Seo, Joohan Woo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4): 3100
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Antiviral Potential of Antillogorgia americana and elisabethae Natural Products against nsp16–nsp10 Complex, nsp13, and nsp14 Proteins of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Investigation
Omkar Pokharkar, Hariharan Lakshmanan, Grigory V. Zyryanov, Mikhail V. Tsurkan
Microbiology Research. 2023; 14(3): 993
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Application of reactive dyes in Validation of favipiravir from pharmaceutical dosages
Rajan V. Rele, Prathamesh P. Tiwatane
Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2023; : 27
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Favipiravir: An Antiviral Drug
Ganesh Bharskar, Pratik Malvade
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2022; : 253
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 Potential core genes associated with COVID-19 identified via weighted gene co-expression network analysis
Chao Wu, Zuowei Wu, Yang Chen, Xing Huang, Bole Tian
Swiss Medical Weekly. 2022; 152(4748): 40033
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 A Validated Potentiometric Titration Method for Quantitative Determination of Favipiravir from Pharmaceutical Preparation
Rele Rajan V., Tiwatane Prathamesh P.
Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2022; : 49
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 Simple Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Favipiravir from Pharmaceutical Formulation
Rajan V. Rele, Prathamesh P. Tiwatane
Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2022; : 299
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 In Silico Study towards Repositioning of FDA-Approved Drug Candidates for Anticoronaviral Therapy: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Calculations
Wesam S. Qayed, Rafaela S. Ferreira, José Rogério A. Silva
Molecules. 2022; 27(18): 5988
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
21 In Silico Evaluation of Natural Flavonoids as a Potential Inhibitor of Coronavirus Disease
Piyush Kashyap, Mamta Thakur, Nidhi Singh, Deep Shikha, Shiv Kumar, Poonam Baniwal, Yogender Singh Yadav, Minaxi Sharma, Kandi Sridhar, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj
Molecules. 2022; 27(19): 6374
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
22 Progress on COVID-19 Chemotherapeutics Discovery and Novel Technology
Yalan Zhou, Huizhen Wang, Li Yang, Qingzhong Wang
Molecules. 2022; 27(23): 8257
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
23 Potential COVID-19 Therapies from Computational Repurposing of Drugs and Natural Products against the SARS-CoV-2 Helicase
Sakshi Piplani, Puneet Singh, David A. Winkler, Nikolai Petrovsky
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14): 7704
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
24 Investigation on the Impact of Potential Phytocompounds from Curcuma longa Against COVID-19
D. Jini, R.M.H. Rajapaksha, S.S. Ariya, Baby Joseph
Journal of Plant Sciences. 2022; 17(1): 33
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
25 One-Pot Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Studies of New Bioactive Spiro-Oxindoles Based on Uracil Derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors Targeting RNA Polymerase and Spike Glycoprotein
Samar A. El-Kalyoubi, Ahmed Ragab, Ola A. Abu Ali, Yousry A. Ammar, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Aya Ahmed, Eman A. Fayed
Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(3): 376
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
26 Will the Use of Pharmacogenetics Improve Treatment Efficiency in COVID-19?
Beata Franczyk, Jacek Rysz, Jaroslaw Milonski, Tomasz Konecki, Magdalena Rysz-Górzynska, Anna Gluba-Brzózka
Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(6): 739
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
27 Marine Alga Ulva fasciata-Derived Molecules for the Potential Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Approach
Haresh S. Kalasariya, Nikunj B. Patel, Amel Gacem, Taghreed Alsufyani, Lisa M. Reece, Virendra Kumar Yadav, Nasser S. Awwad, Hala A. Ibrahium, Yongtae Ahn, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Byong-Hun Jeon
Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(9): 586
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
28 Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) Identified from the Library of FDA-Approved Drugs Using Molecular Docking Studies
Dipesh Kumar Verma, Srajan Kapoor, Satyajeet Das, Krishan Gopal Thakur
Biomedicines. 2022; 11(1): 85
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
29 COVID-19 Treatment Options and Their Mechanism of Action up to Now: An Overview of Clinical Trials
Kasra Esmaily, Maryam Iman, Zahra Bahari
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2022; 30(139): 75
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
30 Quantum Dots: An Emerging Approach for Cancer Therapy
Sheetal Devi, Manish Kumar, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, Deepak Kaushik, Ravinder Verma, Shailendra Bhatt, Biswa Mohan Sahoo, Tanima Bhattacharya, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Ahmad O. Babalghith, Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Frontiers in Materials. 2022; 8
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
31 In silico Study of Some Dexamethasone Analogs and Derivatives against SARs-CoV-2 Target: A Cost-effective Alternative to Remdesivir for Various COVID Phases
Ruchi Pandey, Itishree Dubey, Iqrar Ahmad, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Harun Patel, Pranesh Kumar
Current Chinese Science. 2022; 2(4): 294
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
32 In silico Drug Repurposing for the Identification of Antimalarial Drugs as Candidate Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2
Praveen Kumar Pasla, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Sree Sudha T.Y., Sri Chandana M., Rizwaan Abbas S.
Anti-Infective Agents. 2022; 20(2)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
33 Antiviral Potential of Medicinal Plants for the COVID-19
Yashika Sharma, Sulochana Kaushik, Sanjit Boora, Pawan Kumar, Ajit Kumar, Jaya P. Yadav, Samander Kaushik
Anti-Infective Agents. 2022; 20(4)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
34 Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of 2019-Novel Coronavirus in India: A Review
Pratyay Kumar Pahari, Sonal Vyas, Shahbaz Aman, Uday Singh, Kusheswar Prasad Singh, Rohit Tiwari, Meenakshi Dhanawat
Coronaviruses. 2022; 3(2)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
35 An In-silico Multi-Targeted Approach in Search of Potential Drug Candidate( s) Against SARS-CoV-2 Lung Infection
Kapish Kapoor, Vishnu Das, Ayushi Bhatnagar, Sunita Panchawat, Joohee Pradhan
Coronaviruses. 2022; 3(6)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
36 SARS-COV-2 3CL-PROTEASE INHIBITORS AS ANTIVIRAL AGENT AGAINST COVID-19
MOHAMED J. SAADH
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2022; : 18
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
37 Exploration of Luteolin as Potential Anti-COVID-19 Agent: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic Simulation, ADMET and DFT Analysis
Waseem Ahmad Ansari, Tanveer Ahamad, Mohsin Ali Khan, Zaw Ali Khan, Mohammad Faheem Khan
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery. 2022; 19(8): 741
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
38 Diabetes Mellitus during the Pandemic Covid-19: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Mechanism, and Management: An updated overview
Nadeem Rais, Rizwan Ahmad, Akash Ved, Kehkashan Parveen, Tauheed Ishrat, Om Prakash, Mohd Shadab, Darakhshan Gazala Bari, Nasir Ali Siddiqui
Current Diabetes Reviews. 2022; 18(3)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
39 The Effect of Plant Metabolites on Coronaviruses: A Comprehensive Review Focusing on their IC50 Values and Molecular Docking Scores
Parastou Farshi, Eda Ceren Kaya, Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork, Kianoush Khosravi-Drani
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2022; 22(3): 457
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
40 SARS-CoV-2 Proteins: Are They Useful as Targets for COVID-19 Drugs and Vaccines?
Mohammed Elimam Ahamed Mohammed
Current Molecular Medicine. 2022; 22(1): 50
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
41 Molecular docking and identification of G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) agonists as SARS COVID-19 MPro inhibitors
Sellappan Mohan, Jayagopal Dharani, Ramanathan Natarajan, Arumugam Nagarajan
Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2022; 20(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
42 Significant perspectives on various viral infections targeted antiviral drugs and vaccines including COVID-19 pandemicity
Gandarvakottai Senthilkumar Arumugam, Kannan Damodharan, Mukesh Doble, Sathiah Thennarasu
Molecular Biomedicine. 2022; 3(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
43 Antiviral Potential of Indian Medicinal Plants Against Influenza and SARS-CoV: A Systematic Review
Bharat Krushna Khuntia, Vandna Sharma, Mohit Wadhawan, Varun Chhabra, Bharatraj Kidambi, Shubhangi Rathore, Aman Agrawal, Amirtha Ram, Sahar Qazi, Shaban Ahmad, Khalid Raza, Gautam Sharma
Natural Product Communications. 2022; 17(3): 1934578X22
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
44 Computational Design of Miniprotein Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Jianhua Wu, Jilong Zhang, Hong-Xing Zhang
Langmuir. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
45 Study In-Silico Oleanane Triterpenoids in Aquilaria spp. as a Covid-19 Antiviral
R. Anugrah, R.K. Mumtaz, D. Suryasaputra
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022; 1104(1): 012027
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
46 Identification of potential target endoribonuclease NSP15 inhibitors of SARS-COV -2 from natural products through high-throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation
Liang-Chang Hu, Chuan-Hua Ding, Hong-Ying Li, Zhen-Zhen Li, Ying Chen, Li-Peng Li, Wan-Zhong Li, Wen-Shan Liu
Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
47 Structural interactions of phytoconstituent(s) from cinnamon, bay leaf, oregano, and parsley with SARS-CoV -2 nucleocapsid protein: A comparative assessment for development of potential antiviral nutraceuticals
Ishrat Husain, Rumana Ahmad, Sahabjada Siddiqui, Anu Chandra, Aparna Misra, Aditi Srivastava, Tanveer Ahamad, Mohd. Faheem Khan, Zeba Siddiqi, Anchal Trivedi, Shivbrat Upadhyay, Anamika Gupta, Anand N. Srivastava, Bilal Ahmad, Sudhir Mehrotra, Surya Kant, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Farzana Mahdi
Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022; 46(10)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
48 Repurposing of approved drugs and nutraceuticals to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-COV-2’s entry into human host cells: a structural analysis using induced-fit docking, MMGBSA and molecular dynamics simulation approach
Rajdeep Ray, Sumit Raosaheb Birangal, Fajeelath Fathima, G. Varadaraj Bhat, Mahadev Rao, G. Gautham Shenoy
Molecular Simulation. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
49 Among Antibody-Like Molecules, Monobodies, Able to Interact with Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV Virus, There Are Monobodies with High Affinity to Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Y. V. Khramtsov, A. V. Ulasov, T. N. Lupanova, G. P. Georgiev, A. S. Sobolev
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2022; 503(1): 90
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
50 Delivery of Antibody-Like Molecules, Monobodies, Capable of Binding with SARS-CoV-2 Virus Nucleocapsid Protein, into Target Cells
Y. V. Khramtsov, A. V. Ulasov, T. N. Lupanova, G. P. Georgiev, A. S. Sobolev
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2022; 506(1): 220
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
51 Nano-sized Metal Oxides and Their use as a Surface Disinfectant Against COVID-19: (Review and Perspective)
Hajo Idriss, M. Habib M. Habib, A. I. Alakhras, H. M. El Khair
Oriental Journal Of Chemistry. 2022; 38(6): 1328
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
52 In-silico studies on wild orange (Citrus macroptera Mont.) compounds against COVID-19 pro-inflammation targets
Mousikha Lala, Soumita Bhattacharjee, Chandra Ghosh, Arnab Sen, Indrani Sarkar
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
53 Structure-guided pharmacophore based virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics to discover repurposed drugs as novel inhibitors against endoribonuclease Nsp15 of SARS-CoV-2
Prakash Jha, Daman Saluja, Madhu Chopra
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
54 Evaluation of the dual effects of antiviral drugs on SARS-CoV-2 receptors and the ACE2 receptor using structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation
Hamid Reza Jahantigh, Nahid Ahmadi, Behzad Shahbazi, Piero Lovreglio, Mehri Habibi, Angela Stufano, Hamed Gouklani, Khadijeh Ahmadi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
55 Identification of a promising inhibitor from Illicium verum (star anise) against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2: insights from the computational study
Manish Kumar Tripathi, Pushpendra Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Kuldeep Sharma, T. P. Singh, A. S. Ethayathulla, Punit Kaur
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
56 Structural conservation among variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike postfusion bundle
Kailu Yang, Chuchu Wang, K. Ian White, Richard A. Pfuetzner, Luis Esquivies, Axel T. Brunger
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022; 119(16)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
57 Synthesis, density functional theory, molecular docking and antioxidant studies of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complex of N-dehydroacetic acid-4-aminoantipyrene
P. S. Jaget, P. K. Vishwakarma, M. K. Parte, R. C. Maurya
Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
58 Can polyoxometalates (POMs) prevent of coronavirus 2019-nCoV cell entry? Interaction of POMs with TMPRSS2 and spike receptor domain complexed with ACE2 (ACE2-RBD): Virtual screening approaches
Nahid Shahabadi, Mohammad Mahdavi, Saba Zendehcheshm
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2022; 29: 100902
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
59 Repurposing of Potential Antiviral Drugs against RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 by Computational Approach
Sivakumar Gangadharan, Jenifer Mallavarpu Ambrose, Anusha Rajajagadeesan, Malathi Kullappan, Shankargouda Patil, Sri Harshini Gandhamaneni, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Aruna Kumari Nakkella, Alok Agarwal, Selvaraj Jayaraman, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
60 Antiviral potential of nanoparticles for the treatment of Coronavirus infections
Joy Sarkar, Sunandana Das, Sahasrabdi Aich, Prithu Bhattacharyya, Krishnendu Acharya
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2022; : 126977
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
61 Protein structure-based in-silico approaches to drug discovery: Guide to COVID-19 therapeutics
Yash Gupta, Oleksandr V. Savytskyi, Matt Coban, Amoghavarsha Venugopal, Vasili Pleqi, Caleb A. Weber, Rohit Chitale, Ravi Durvasula, Christopher Hopkins, Prakasha Kempaiah, Thomas R. Caulfield
Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2022; : 101151
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
62 In-silico screening to delineate novel antagonists to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein
Mohd Fardeen Husain Shahanshah, D. Anvitha, Vandana Gupta
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2022; : 103188
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
63 Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug-Likeness Evaluation of Coumarin Based Compounds Targeting Proteins Involved in Development of COVID-19
Chan Sook Mun, Lok Yong Hui, Lai Cong Sing, Rohini Karunakaran, Veerasamy Ravichandran
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2022; : 103458
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
64 A systematic review on SARS-CoV-2 remission: an emerging challenge for its management, treatment, immunization strategies, and post-treatment guidelines
R. Joshi, R. Singla, A. Mishra, M. Kumar, R.S. Singh, A. Singh, S. Bansal, A.R. Sharma, P. Sarma, A. Prakash, B. Medhi
New Microbes and New Infections. 2022; 45: 100949
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
65 Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Cong Sun, Chu Xie, Guo-Long Bu, Lan-Yi Zhong, Mu-Sheng Zeng
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2022; 7(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
66 On the deformation and frequency analyses of SARS-CoV-2 at nanoscale
Shahriar Dastjerdi, Mohammad Malikan, Bekir Akgöz, Ömer Civalek, Tomasz Wiczenbach, Victor A. Eremeyev
International Journal of Engineering Science. 2022; 170: 103604
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
67 Patent intelligence of RNA viruses: Implications for combating emerging and re-emerging RNA virus based infectious diseases
Pratap Devarapalli, Pragati Kumari, Seema Soni, Vandana Mishra, Saurabh Yadav
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2022; 219: 1208
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
68 Virtual screening of substances used in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and analysis of compounds with known action on structurally similar proteins from other viruses
Paul Andrei Negru, Denisa Claudia Miculas, Tapan Behl, Alexa Florina Bungau, Ruxandra-Cristina Marin, Simona Gabriela Bungau
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 153: 113432
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
69 The effect of various compounds on the COVID mechanisms, from chemical to molecular aspects
Samira Mahmoudi, Mehrdad Mohammadpour Dehkordi, Mohammad Hossein Asgarshamsi
Biophysical Chemistry. 2022; : 106824
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
70 Implication of in silico studies in the search for novel inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2
Farak Ali, Shahnaz Alom, Anshul Shakya, Surajit K. Ghosh, Udaya P. Singh, Hans R. Bhat
Archiv der Pharmazie. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
71 Nanotechnology Toolkit for Combating COVID-19 and Beyond
Giredhar Muthiah, Ankita Sarkar, Shounak Roy, Prem Singh, Praveen Kumar, Keshav Bhardwaj, Amit Jaiswal
ChemNanoMat. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
72 Interleukin-29 profiles in COVID-19 patients: Survival is associated with IL-29 levels
Zahra Fallah Vastani, Alireza Ahmadi, Mahdi Abounoori, Motahareh Rouhi Ardeshiri, Elham Masoumi, Iraj Ahmadi, Abdollah Davodian, Mohammadreza Kaffashian, Azra Kenarkoohi, Shahab Falahi, Sanaz Mami, Sajad Mami
Health Science Reports. 2022; 5(2)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
73 Synthesis and In Silico Investigation of Isatin-Based Schiff Bases as Potential Inhibitors for Promising Targets against SARS-CoV-2
Zohreh Esam, Malihe Akhavan, Maryam Lotfi, Ahmadreza Bekhradnia
ChemistrySelect. 2022; 7(46)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
74 Metal-based complexes against SARS-CoV-2
Kyriacos Ioannou, Manos C. Vlasiou
BioMetals. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
75 Modelling the DFT structural and reactivity study of feverfew and evaluation of its potential antiviral activity against COVID-19 using molecular docking and MD simulations
Shradha Lakhera, Kamal Devlal, Arabinda Ghosh, Papia Chowdhury, Meenakshi Rana
Chemical Papers. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
76 Tangled quest of post-COVID-19 infection-caused neuropathology and what 3P nano-bio-medicine can solve?
Nadia M. Hamdy, Fatma H. Shaker, Xianquan Zhan, Emad B. Basalious
EPMA Journal. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
77 In Silico Identification of Potential Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Through Molecular Docking-Based Drug Repurposing
Rukhsar Afreen, Saleem Iqbal, Ab Rauf Shah, Heena Afreen, Lata Vodwal, Mohd. Shkir
Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
78 Advances in gene-based vaccine platforms to address the COVID-19 pandemic
Deborah Pushparajah, Salma Jimenez, Shirley Wong, Hibah Alattas, Nafiseh Nafissi, Roderick A. Slavcev
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2021; 170: 113
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
79 Computational screening of FDA approved drugs of fungal origin that may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activation, viral RNA replication, and post-translational modification: a multiple target approach
Rajveer Singh, Anupam Gautam, Shivani Chandel, Vipul Sharma, Arijit Ghosh, Dhritiman Dey, Syamal Roy, V. Ravichandiran, Dipanjan Ghosh
In Silico Pharmacology. 2021; 9(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
80 Computational assessment of select antiviral phytochemicals as potential SARS-Cov-2 main protease inhibitors: molecular dynamics guided ensemble docking and extended molecular dynamics
Sanjay Sawant, Rajesh Patil, Manoj Khawate, Vishal Zambre, Vaibhav Shilimkar, Suresh Jagtap
In Silico Pharmacology. 2021; 9(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
81 A Review on the Effectivity of the Current COVID-19 Drugs and Vaccines: Are They Really Working Against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants?
Rashed Noor
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports. 2021; 8(3): 186
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
82 Mechanistic insight into anti-COVID-19 drugs: recent trends and advancements
Hardeep Singh Tuli, Shivani Sood, Jagjit Kaur, Pawan Kumar, Prachi Seth, Sandeep Punia, Priya Yadav, Anil Kumar Sharma, Diwakar Aggarwal, Katrin Sak
3 Biotech. 2021; 11(2)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
83 A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing
S. Udhaya Kumar, N. Madhana Priya, S. R. Nithya, Priyanka Kannan, Nikita Jain, D. Thirumal Kumar, R. Magesh, Salma Younes, Hatem Zayed, C. George Priya Doss
3 Biotech. 2021; 11(4)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
84 Prospects for controlling future pandemics of SARS in highlights of SARS-CoV-2
Buddha Bahadur Basnet, Rajesh Basnet, Raju Panday
VirusDisease. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
85 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: pathogenesis, vaccines, and potential therapies
Ahmed M. Almehdi, Ghalia Khoder, Aminah S. Alchakee, Azizeh T. Alsayyid, Nadin H. Sarg, Sameh S. M. Soliman
Infection. 2021; 49(5): 855
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
86 Contributions of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in determining host–pathogen interaction of COVID-19
SABYASACHI SENAPATI, PRATIBHA BANERJEE, SANDILYA BHAGAVATULA, PREM PRAKASH KUSHWAHA, SHASHANK KUMAR
Journal of Genetics. 2021; 100(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
87 Yogic Neti-Kriya Using Povidone Iodine: Can it have a Preventive Role Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection Gateway?
Phulen Sarma, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Ajay Prakash, Hardeep Kaur, Manisha Prajapat, Mukundam Borah, Subodh Kumar, Seema Bansal, Saurabh Sharma, Gurjeet Kaur, Harish Kumar, Dibya Jyoti Sharma, Karuna Kumar Das, Pramod Avti, Bikash Medhi
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
88 SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interacts with immunoregulators and stress granules and phase separates to form liquid droplets
Syam Prakash Somasekharan, Martin Gleave
FEBS Letters. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
89 Identification of homologous human miRNAs as antivirals towards COVID-19 genome
Jitender Singh, Ashvinder Raina, Namrata Sangwan, Arushi Chauhan, Krishan L. Khanduja, Pramod K. Avti
ADVANCES IN CELL AND GENE THERAPY. 2021; 4(4)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
90 Current understanding on molecular drug targets and emerging treatment strategy for novel coronavirus-19
Khadga Raj, Karamjeet Kaur, G. D. Gupta, Shamsher Singh
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2021; 394(7): 1383
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
91 Natural products and phytochemicals as potential anti-SARS-CoV -2 drugs
Myriam Merarchi, Namrata Dudha, Bhudev C Das, Manoj Garg
Phytotherapy Research. 2021; 35(10): 5384
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
92 Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and molecular dynamics study of withaferin-A fragment derivatives as potential therapeutic lead against main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2
Arabinda Ghosh, Monoswi Chakraborty, Anshuman Chandra, Mohamad Parvez Alam
Journal of Molecular Modeling. 2021; 27(3)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
93 Computational investigation of drug bank compounds against 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using deep learning and molecular dynamics simulation
Tushar Joshi, Priyanka Sharma, Shalini Mathpal, Tanuja Joshi, Priyanka Maiti, Mahesha Nand, Veena Pande, Subhash Chandra
Molecular Diversity. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
94 Pandemic COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2: genetic structure, vaccination, and therapeutic approaches
Hany E. Marei, Asmaa Althani, Nahla Afifi, Giacomo Pozzoli, Thomas Caceci, Franco Angelini, Carlo Cenciarelli
Molecular Biology Reports. 2021; 48(9): 6513
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
95 Nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulations in the battle against animal coronaviruses: an update
Saravanan Krishnan, Ashokkumar Thirunavukarasu, Niraj Kumar Jha, Rekha Gahtori, Ayush Singha Roy, Sunny Dholpuria, Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Sachin Kumar Singh, Kamal Dua, Piyush Kumar Gupta
Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2021; 23(10)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
96 Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation to Identify Potential SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Inhibitors from Natural Compound Database
Arkadeep Sarkar, Debanjan Sen, Ashutosh Sharma, Ravi Kumar Muttineni, Sudhan Debnath
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2021; 55(5): 441
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
97 Structural and conformational analysis of SARS CoV 2 N-CTD revealing monomeric and dimeric active sites during the RNA-binding and stabilization: Insights towards potential inhibitors for N-CTD
Arushi Chauhan, Pramod Avti, Nishant Shekhar, Manisha Prajapat, Phulen Sarma, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Subodh Kumar, Hardeep Kaur, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi
Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2021; 134: 104495
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
98 Exploring the magic bullets to identify Achilles’ heel in SARS-CoV-2: Delving deeper into the sea of possible therapeutic options in Covid-19 disease: An update
Shikha Thakur, Mayank, Bibekananda Sarkar, Arshad J. Ansari, Akanksha Khandelwal, Anil Arya, Ramarao Poduri, Gaurav Joshi
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 147: 111887
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
99 Targeting C-terminal Helical bundle of NCOVID19 Envelope (E) protein
Shruti Mukherjee, Amaravadhi Harikishore, Anirban Bhunia
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 175: 131
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
100 SARS-CoV-2: Insights into its structural intricacies and functional aspects for drug and vaccine development
Mandeep Kaur, Akanksha Sharma, Santosh Kumar, Gurpal Singh, Ravi P. Barnwal
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 179: 45
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
101 Exploitation of polyphenols and proteins using nanoencapsulation for anti-viral and brain boosting properties – Evoking a synergistic strategy to combat COVID-19 pandemic
Nairah Noor, Adil Gani, Asir Gani, Asima Shah, Zanoor ul Ashraf
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 180: 375
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
102 COVID-19: A review of newly formed viral clades, pathophysiology, therapeutic strategies and current vaccination tasks
Chandran Murugan, Sharmiladevi Ramamoorthy, Guruprasad Kuppuswamy, Rajesh Kumar Murugan, Yuvaraj Sivalingam, Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
103 Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Herbal Therapy: Pertinent Issues Relating to Toxicity and Standardization of Phytopharmaceuticals
Kayode Komolafe, Titilope Ruth Komolafe, Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki, Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun, Bartholomew I. C. Brai, Mary Tolulope Olaleye, Afolabi Akintunde Akindahunsi
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2021; 31(2): 142
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
104 Computational drug re-purposing targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as an effective strategy to neutralize COVID-19
Himanshu G. Toor, Devjani I. Banerjee, Soumya Lipsa Rath, Siddhi A. Darji
European Journal of Pharmacology. 2021; 890: 173720
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
105 Computational and network pharmacology analysis of bioflavonoids as possible natural antiviral compounds in COVID-19
Rajesh Patil, Rupesh Chikhale, Pukar Khanal, Nilambari Gurav, Muniappan Ayyanar, Saurabh Sinha, Satyendra Prasad, Yadu Nandan Dey, Manish Wanjari, Shailendra S. Gurav
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2021; 22: 100504
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
106 Computational prediction of potential siRNA and human miRNA sequences to silence orf1ab associated genes for future therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2
Mahedi Hasan, Arafat Islam Ashik, Md Belal Chowdhury, Atiya Tahira Tasnim, Zakia Sultana Nishat, Tanvir Hossain, Shamim Ahmed
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2021; 24: 100569
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
107 Genomic variation and point mutations analysis of Indian COVID-19 patient samples submitted in GISAID database
Shikha Mudgal, Rohitash Yadav, Hoineiting Rebecca Haokip, Ananya Pandit, Y. Sheena Mary
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2021; 98(10): 100156
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
108 A brief survey of COVID-19 and role of photochemicals to prevent the infection
Sanjoy Pal, Trinath Chowdhury, Kishalay Paria, Sounik Manna, Sana Parveen, Manjeet Sing, Pralay Sharma, Sk Saruk Islam, Sk Md Abu Imam Saadi, Santi M. Mandal
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2021; : 100244
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
109 In silico validation of anti-viral drugs obtained from marine sources as a potential target against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
Srijit Ghosh, Srijita Das, Iqrar Ahmad, Harun Patel
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2021; 98(12): 100272
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
110 Early administration of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir could prevent severe COVID-19
Elise Klement-Frutos, Sonia Burrel, Gilles Peytavin, Stéphane Marot, Minh P. Lê, Nagisa Godefroy, Vincent Calvez, Anne-Geneviève Marcelin, Eric Caumes, Valérie Pourcher, David Boutolleau
Journal of Infection. 2021; 82(1): 159
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
111 Combating COVID-19: The role of drug repurposing and medicinal plants
Shah A. Khan, K. Al-Balushi
Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2021; 14(4): 495
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
112 New perspective towards therapeutic regimen against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vartika Srivastava, Aijaz Ahmad
Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2021; 14(7): 852
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
113 Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs
Osama A. Badary
The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2021; 21(3): 275
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
114 Drug repurposing screens identify chemical entities for the development of COVID-19 interventions
Malina A. Bakowski, Nathan Beutler, Karen C. Wolff, Melanie G. Kirkpatrick, Emily Chen, Tu-Trinh H. Nguyen, Laura Riva, Namir Shaabani, Mara Parren, James Ricketts, Anil K. Gupta, Kastin Pan, Peiting Kuo, MacKenzie Fuller, Elijah Garcia, John R. Teijaro, Linlin Yang, Debashis Sahoo, Victor Chi, Edward Huang, Natalia Vargas, Amanda J. Roberts, Soumita Das, Pradipta Ghosh, Ashley K. Woods, Sean B. Joseph, Mitchell V. Hull, Peter G. Schultz, Dennis R. Burton, Arnab K. Chatterjee, Case W. McNamara, Thomas F. Rogers
Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
115 Repurposing potential of posaconazole and grazoprevir as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 helicase
Syed Hani Abidi, Nahlah Makki Almansour, Daulet Amerzhanov, Khaled S. Allemailem, Wardah Rafaqat, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Philip la Fleur, Martin Lukac, Syed Ali
Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
116 nCoV-2019 infection induced neurological outcome and manifestation, linking its historical ancestor SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ajay Prakash, Harvinder Singh, Phulen Sarma, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Deba Prasad Dhibar, Neeraj Balaini, Ritu Shree, Manoj Goyal, Manish Modi, Bikash Medhi
Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
117 Various theranostics and immunization strategies based on nanotechnology against Covid-19 pandemic: An interdisciplinary view
Sujan Chatterjee, Snehasis Mishra, Kaustav Dutta Chowdhury, Chandan Kumar Ghosh, Krishna Das Saha
Life Sciences. 2021; 278: 119580
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
118 Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain with Stapled Peptides: An In Silico Study
Luana Janaína de Campos, Nicholas Y. Palermo, Martin Conda-Sheridan
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2021; 125(24): 6572
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
119 Clinically relevant cell culture models and their significance in isolation, pathogenesis, vaccine development, repurposing and screening of new drugs for SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review
Subodh Kumar, Phulen Sarma, Hardeep Kaur, Manisha Prajapat, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Pramod Avti, Nishant Sehkhar, Harpinder Kaur, Seema Bansal, Saniya Mahendiratta, Vidya M. Mahalmani, Harvinder Singh, Ajay Prakash, Anurag Kuhad, Bikash Medhi
Tissue and Cell. 2021; 70: 101497
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
120 Mécanismes possiblement impliqués dans les effets antiviraux de la chloroquine et de l’hydroxychloroquine – Quelle réalité pour le traitement de la COVID-19 ?
Nessaibia Issam, Tichati Lazhari, Bouarroudj Tayeb, Siciliano Dafne, Bouslama Zihad, Merad Tarek, Tahraoui Abdelkrim
Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique. 2021; 33(4): 237
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
121 Network analysis and molecular mapping for SARS-CoV-2 to reveal drug targets and repurposing of clinically developed drugs
Shweta A. More, Akshay S. Patil, Nikhil S. Sakle, Santosh N. Mokale
Virology. 2021; 555: 10
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
122 CRISPR systems: Novel approaches for detection and combating COVID-19
Fatemeh Safari, Mohammad Afarid, Banafsheh Rastegari, Afshin Borhani-Haghighi, Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed, Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
Virus Research. 2021; 294: 198282
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
123 Transcriptome network analyses in human coronavirus infections suggest a rational use of immunomodulatory drugs for COVID-19 therapy
Henry Sung-Ching Wong, Chin-Lin Guo, Gan-Hong Lin, Kang-Yun Lee, Yukinori Okada, Wei-Chiao Chang
Genomics. 2021; 113(2): 564
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
124 Comprehensive Consensus Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Drug Repurposing Campaigns
Hazem Mslati, Francesco Gentile, Carl Perez, Artem Cherkasov
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2021; 61(8): 3771
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
125 Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review
Susmit Mhatre, Tishya Srivastava, Shivraj Naik, Vandana Patravale
Phytomedicine. 2021; 85: 153286
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
126 Critical neurological features of COVID-19: Role of imaging methods and biosensors for effective diagnosis
Vishakha Singh, Prince Allawadhi, Amit Khurana, Anil Kumar Banothu, Kala Kumar Bharani
Sensors International. 2021; 2: 100098
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
127 Screening of drug databank against WT and mutant main protease of SARS-CoV-2: Towards finding potential compound for repurposing against COVID-19
Tanuj Sharma, Mohammed Abohashrh, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Jae-June Dong, Mohammad Mahtab Alam, Irfan Ahmad, Safia Irfan
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28(5): 3152
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
128 Therapeutic development by repurposing drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions by simulation studies
Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Varish Ahmad, Ali H Alharbi, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Mohammad A Alzohairy, Ahmad Almatroudi, Saad Alghamdi, Mohammad N. Alomary, Sami AlYahya, Nashwa Talaat Shesha, Suriya Rehman
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28(8): 4560
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
129 Potential role of nicotinamide analogues against SARS-COV-2 target proteins
Mandeep Kumar Arora, Parul Grover, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Lovekesh Mehta, Ritu Tomar, Mohd. Imran, Anuj Pathak, Ashok Jangra, Jagannath Sahoo, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Walaa F. Alsanie, Majid Alhomrani
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28(12): 7567
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
130 Repurposing of Phytomedicine-Derived Bioactive Compounds with Promising Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Potential: Molecular Docking, MD Simulation and Drug-Likeness/ ADMET Studies
Mithun Rudrapal, Neelutpal Gogoi, Dipak Chetia, Johra Khan, Saeed Banwas, Bader Alshehri, Mohammed A. Alaidarous, Umesh D. Laddha, Shubham J. Khairnar, Sanjay G. Walode
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
131 The identification of novel inhibitors of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and main protease of Sars-Cov-2: A combination of in silico methods for treatment of COVID-19
Vahid Zarezade, Hamzeh Rezaei, Ghodratollah Shakerinezhad, Arman Safavi, Zahra Nazeri, Ali Veisi, Omid Azadbakht, Mahdi Hatami, Mohamad Sabaghan, Zeinab Shajirat
Journal of Molecular Structure. 2021; 1237: 130409
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
132 Ligand-based quantitative structural assessments of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors: An analysis in light of structure-based multi-molecular modeling evidences
Nilanjan Adhikari, Suvankar Banerjee, Sandip Kumar Baidya, Balaram Ghosh, Tarun Jha
Journal of Molecular Structure. 2021; : 132041
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
133 A review on the effect of COVID-19 in type 2 asthma and its management
Srijit Ghosh, Srijita Das, Rupsa Mondal, Salik Abdullah, Shirin Sultana, Sukhbir Singh, Aayush Sehgal, Tapan Behl
International Immunopharmacology. 2021; 91: 107309
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
134 Isolation of phytochemicals from Malva neglecta Wallr and their quantum chemical, molecular docking exploration as active drugs against COVID-19
Ahmad Irfan, Muhammad Imran, Noreen Khalid, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Asim Raza Basra, Tanwir Khaliq, Mohsin Shahzad, Mohamed Hussien, Asma Tufail Shah, Muhammad Abdul Qayyum, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi, Mohammed A. Assiri
Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2021; 25(12): 101358
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
135 In-silico homology assisted identification of inhibitor of RNA binding against 2019-nCoV N-protein (N terminal domain)
Phulen Sarma, Nishant Shekhar, Manisha Prajapat, Pramod Avti, Hardeep Kaur, Subodh Kumar, Sanjay Singh, Harish Kumar, Ajay Prakash, Deba Prasad Dhibar, Bikash Medhi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(8): 2724
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
136 A review on the cleavage priming of the spike protein on coronavirus by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and furin
Anwarul Hasan, Bilal Ahamad Paray, Arif Hussain, Fikry Ali Qadir, Farnoosh Attar, Falah Mohammad Aziz, Majid Sharifi, Hossein Derakhshankhah, Behnam Rasti, Masoumeh Mehrabi, Koorosh Shahpasand, Ali Akbar Saboury, Mojtaba Falahati
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(8): 3025
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
137 Identification of bioactive compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra as possible inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and non-structural protein-15: a pharmacoinformatics study
Saurabh K. Sinha, Satyendra K. Prasad, Md Ataul Islam, Shailendra S. Gurav, Rajesh B. Patil, Nora Abdullah AlFaris, Tahany Saleh Aldayel, Nora M. AlKehayez, Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur, Anshul Shakya
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(13): 4686
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
138 Drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 using E-pharmacophore based virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics with main protease as the target
K. G. Arun, C. S Sharanya, J. Abhithaj, Dileep Francis, C. Sadasivan
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(13): 4647
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
139 Remdesivir (GS-5734) as a therapeutic option of 2019-nCOV main protease – in silico approach
Vankudavath Raju Naik, Manne Munikumar, Ungarala Ramakrishna, Medithi Srujana, Giridhar Goudar, Pittla Naresh, Boiroju Naveen Kumar, Rajkumar Hemalatha
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(13): 4701
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
140 Screening of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and its derivatives for their binding affinity to multiple SARS-CoV-2 protein drug targets
Mallikarjuna Nimgampalle, Vasudharani Devanathan, Ambrish Saxena
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(14): 4949
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
141 Binding insight of clinically oriented drug famotidine with the identified potential target of SARS-CoV-2
Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta, Satyaranjan Biswal, Dipankar Singha, Malay Kumar Rana
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(14): 5327
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
142 Drug repurposing studies targeting SARS-CoV-2: an ensemble docking approach on drug target 3C-like protease (3CLpro)
Shruti Koulgi, Vinod Jani, Mallikarjunachari Uppuladinne, Uddhavesh Sonavane, Asheet Kumar Nath, Hemant Darbari, Rajendra Joshi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(15): 5735
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
143 Cyanobacterial metabolites as promising drug leads against the Mpro and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2: an in silico analysis
Devashan Naidoo, Ayan Roy, Pallab Kar, Taurai Mutanda, Akash Anandraj
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(16): 6218
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
144 In silico identification of widely used and well-tolerated drugs as potential SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors for direct use in clinical trials
Seref Gul, Onur Ozcan, Sinan Asar, Alper Okyar, Ibrahim Baris, Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(17): 6772
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
145 In silico virtual screening, characterization, docking and molecular dynamics studies of crucial SARS-CoV-2 proteins
Meshari Alazmi, Olaa Motwalli
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; 39(17): 6761
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
146 Knowing and combating the enemy: a brief review on SARS-CoV-2 and computational approaches applied to the discovery of drug candidates
Mateus S.M. Serafim, Jadson C. Gertrudes, Débora M.A. Costa, Patricia R. Oliveira, Vinicius G. Maltarollo, Kathia M. Honorio
Bioscience Reports. 2021; 41(3)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
147 Computational and in vitro experimental analyses of the anti-COVID-19 potential of Mortaparib and MortaparibPlus
Vipul Kumar, Anissa Nofita Sari, Hazna Noor Meidinna, Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal, Chandru Subramani, Brohmomoy Basu, Sunil C. Kaul, Sudhanshu Vrati, Durai Sundar, Renu Wadhwa
Bioscience Reports. 2021; 41(10)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
148 Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide, can act as a potent SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitor: an in silico drug repurposing study
Khadijeh Ahmadi, Alireza Farasat, Mosayeb Rostamian, Behrooz Johari, Hamid Madanchi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
149 4-acetamido-3-nitrobenzoic acid - structural, quantum chemical studies, ADMET and molecular docking studies of SARS-CoV2
Gurumallappa, R. R. Arun Renganathan, M. K. Hema, C. S. Karthik, Sandhya Rani, M. Nethaji, H.S Jayanth, P. Mallu, N. K. Lokanath, V. Ravishankar Rai
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
150 Insilicoscreening of therapeutic potentials fromStrychnos nux-vomicaagainst the dimeric main protease (Mpro) structure of SARS-CoV-2
Birendra Kumar, P. Parasuraman, Thirupathihalli Pandurangappa Krishna Murthy, Manikanta Murahari, Vivek Chandramohan
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
151 Computational basis of SARS-CoV 2 main protease inhibition: an insight from molecular dynamics simulation based findings
Pramod Avti, Arushi Chauhan, Nishant Shekhar, Manisha Prajapat, Phulen Sarma, Hardeep Kaur, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Subodh Kumar, Ajay Prakash, Saurabh Sharma, Bikash Medhi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
152 In silico screening of phytopolyphenolics for the identification of bioactive compounds as novel protease inhibitors effective against SARS-CoV-2
Mithun Rudrapal, Abdul Rashid Issahaku, Clement Agoni, Atul R. Bendale, Akhil Nagar, Mahmoud E. S. Soliman, Deepak Lokwani
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
153 Designing Self-Inhibitory fusion peptide analogous to viral spike protein against novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2)
Indra Singh, Shalini Singh, Krishna Kumar Ojha, Neetu Singh Yadav
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
154 In silico prediction of natural compounds as potential multi-target inhibitors of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2
Jyoti Rani, Anasuya Bhargav, Faez Iqbal Khan, Srinivasan Ramachandran, Dakun Lai, Urmi Bajpai
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
155 An insight into the simulation directed understanding of the mechanism in SARS CoV-2 N-CTD, dimer integrity, and RNA-binding: Identifying potential antiviral inhibitors
Arushi Chauhan, Pramod K. Avti, Nishant Shekhar, Manisha Prajapat, Phulen Sarma, Namrata Sangwan, Jitender Singh, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Subodh Kumar, Hardeep Kaur, Saurabh Sharma, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
156 Microbial based natural compounds as potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like protease (PLpro): a molecular docking and dynamic simulation study
S. Rahul, Angana Sarkar
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
157 Emerging Potential of Metallodrugs to Target Coronavirus: Efficacy, Toxicity and their Mechanism of Action
Pinki, Subhash, Ashu Chaudhary
Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2021; 33(6): 1191
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
158 A Comprehensive Summary of the Knowledge on COVID-19 Treatment
Yu Peng, Hongxun Tao, Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan, Kunlin Jin, Huanxing Su
Aging and disease. 2021; 12(1): 155
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
159 CNS implications of COVID-19: a comprehensive review
Priyanka Nagu, Arun Parashar, Tapan Behl, Vineet Mehta
Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2021; 32(2): 219
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
160 Genetic Risk Factors for the Development of COVID-19 Coronavirus Infection
O. S. Glotov, A. N. Chernov, S. G. Scherbak, V. S. Baranov
Russian Journal of Genetics. 2021; 57(8): 878
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
161 Virtual Screening for the Identification of Potential Candidate Molecules Against Envelope (E) and Membrane (M) Proteins of SARS-CoV-2
Abbas Alibakhshi, Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard, Fatemeh Yarian, Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry. 2021; 20(03): 209
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
162 Comprehensive In Silico Screening of the Antiviral Potentialities of a New Humulene Glucoside from Asteriscus hierochunticus against SARS-CoV-2
Vincent O. Imieje, Ahmed A. Zaki, Ahmed M. Metwaly, Ahmad E. Mostafa, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Abiodun Falodun, Wagdy Eldehna
Journal of Chemistry. 2021; 2021: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
163 The Current Status and Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Narasimha M. Beeraka, SubbaRao V. Tulimilli, Medha Karnik, Surya P. Sadhu, Rajeswara Rao Pragada, Gjumrakch Aliev, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, Jun Lu
BioMed Research International. 2021; 2021: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
164 Pharmacological Significance of Hesperidin and Hesperetin, Two Citrus Flavonoids, as Promising Antiviral Compounds for Prophylaxis Against and Combating COVID-19
Pawan K. Agrawal, Chandan Agrawal, Gerald Blunden
Natural Product Communications. 2021; 16(10): 1934578X21
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
165 Comparative host–pathogen protein–protein interaction analysis of recent coronavirus outbreaks and important host targets identification
Abdul Arif Khan, Zakir Khan
Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021; 22(2): 1206
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
166 Ocular Surface and Conjunctival Cytology Findings in Patients With Confirmed COVID-19
Erdinç Bozkurt, Serdar Özates, Ersin Muhafiz, Fatma Yilmaz, Okan Caliskan
Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice. 2021; 47(4): 168
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
167 Model-informed drug repurposing: Viral kinetic modelling to prioritize rational drug combinations for COVID-19
Michael G. Dodds, Rajesh Krishna, Antonio Goncalves, Craig R. Rayner
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021; 87(9): 3439
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
168 Pharmacovigilance-based drug repurposing: The search for inverse signals via OpenVigil identifies putative drugs against viral respiratory infections
Ruwen Böhm, Claudia Bulin, Vicki Waetzig, Ingolf Cascorbi, Hans-Joachim Klein, Thomas Herdegen
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021; 87(11): 4421
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
169 siRNA Therapeutics for the Therapy of COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses
Muhammad Imran Sajid, Muhammad Moazzam, Yeseom Cho, Shun Kato, Ava Xu, J. J. Way, Sandeep Lohan, Rakesh K. Tiwari
Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2021; 18(6): 2105
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
170 Membrane-Disrupting Molecules as Therapeutic Agents: A Cautionary Note
Steven L. Regen
JACS Au. 2021; 1(1): 3
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
171 The virus that shook the world: questions and answers about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Radostina Alexandrova, Pencho Beykov, Dobrin Vassilev, Marko Jukic, Crtomir Podlipnik
Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2021; 35(1): 74
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
172 COVID-19, Food Safety, and Consumer Preferences: Changing Trends and the Way Forward
Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy, J.A. Moses, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Journal of Culinary Science & Technology. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
173 Metallo therapeutics for COVID-19. Exploiting metal-based compounds for the discovery of new antiviral drugs
Damiano Cirri, Alessandro Pratesi, Tiziano Marzo, Luigi Messori
Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 2021; 16(1): 39
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
174 Virtual screening of phytochemical compounds as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ram Kothandan, Cashlin Anna Suveetha Gnana Rajan, Janamitra Arjun, Rejoe Raymond Michael Raj, Sowfia Syed
Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2021; 10(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
175 Computational guided identification of potential leads from Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. as inhibitors for cellular entry and viral replication of SARS-CoV-2
James H. Zothantluanga, Neelutpal Gogoi, Anshul Shakya, Dipak Chetia, H. Lalthanzara
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 7(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
176 A Case Study: Analysis of Patents on Coronaviruses and Covid-19 for Technological Assessment and Future Research
Pankaj Musyuni, Geeta Aggarwal, Manju Nagpal, Ramesh K. Goyal
Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2021; 27(3): 423
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
177 Efficient Production of Light Olefin Based on Methanol Dehydration: Simulation and Design Improvement
Mahsa Kianinia, Seyed Majid Abdoli
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2021; 24(4): 581
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
178 Potential Leads from Liquorice Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease using Molecular Docking Simulation Studies
Saurabh K. Sinha, Satyendra K. Prasad, Md Ataul Islam, Sushil K. Chaudhary, Shashikant Singh, Anshul Shakya
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2021; 24(4): 591
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
179 Lead Finding from Selected Flavonoids with Antiviral (SARS-CoV-2) Potentials Against COVID-19: An In-silico Evaluation
Uma Sankar Gorla, Koteswara Rao, Uma Sankar Kulandaivelu, Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala, Siva Prasad Panda
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2021; 24(6): 879
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
180 Reverse vaccinology approach towards the in-silico multiepitope vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2
Vipul Kumar, Sudhakar Kancharla, Prachetha Kolli, Manoj Jena
F1000Research. 2021; 10: 44
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
181 Druggability of cavity pockets within SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and pharmacophore-based drug discovery
Alireza Mohebbi, Fatemeh Sana Askari, Ali Salehnia Sammak, Mohsen Ebrahimi, Zahra Najafimemar
Future Virology. 2021; 16(6): 389
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
182 Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Revealed the Potential Inhibitory Activity of ACEIs Against SARS-CoV-2 Targeting the hACE2 Receptor
Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy, Mohammed A. Dahab, Ahmed M. Metwaly, Sameh S. Elhady, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Ibrahim H. Eissa, Khaled M. Darwish
Frontiers in Chemistry. 2021; 9
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
183 Potential Therapeutic Targets and Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic Management: A Review on the Recent Update
Uttpal Anand, Shweta Jakhmola, Omkar Indari, Hem Chandra Jha, Zhe-Sheng Chen, Vijay Tripathi, José M. Pérez de la Lastra
Frontiers in Immunology. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
184 Pharmacological Properties of Zinc Drugs
G. V. Zaychenko, N. A. Gorchakova , O. V. Shumeiko , O. V. Klymenko, G. I. Doroshenko
Ukraïns'kij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu. 2021; 6(3): 37
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
185 Potential of Marine Terpenoids against SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Drug Development Approach
Alaka Sahoo, Shivkanya Fuloria, Shasank S. Swain, Sujogya K. Panda, Mahendran Sekar, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Maitreyee Panda, Ajaya K. Jena, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
Biomedicines. 2021; 9(11): 1505
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
186 Tracking SARS-CoV-2: Novel Trends and Diagnostic Strategies
Linda P. Guaman-Bautista, Erick Moreta-Urbano, Claudia G. Oña-Arias, Marbel Torres-Arias, Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis, Koray Malci, Nestor Jonguitud-Borrego, Leonardo Rios-Solis, Espiridion Ramos-Martinez, Andrés López-Cortés, Carlos Barba-Ostria
Diagnostics. 2021; 11(11): 1981
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
187 Expanding Our Understanding of COVID-19 from Biomedical Literature Using Word Embedding
Heyoung Yang, Eunsoo Sohn
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6): 3005
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
188 The SARS-Coronavirus Infection Cycle: A Survey of Viral Membrane Proteins, Their Functional Interactions and Pathogenesis
Nicholas A. Wong, Milton H. Saier
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3): 1308
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
189 Tomatidine and Patchouli Alcohol as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Enzymes (3CLpro, PLpro and NSP15) by Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Rafat Zrieq, Iqrar Ahmad, Mejdi Snoussi, Emira Noumi, Marcello Iriti, Fahad D. Algahtani, Harun Patel, Mohd Saeed, Munazzah Tasleem, Shadi Sulaiman, Kaïss Aouadi, Adel Kadri
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19): 10693
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
190 Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Aided Virtual Search of OliveNet™ Directory for Secoiridoids to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Associated Hyperinflammatory Responses
Neelaveni Thangavel, Mohammad Al Bratty, Hassan Ahmad Al Hazmi, Asim Najmi, Reem Othman Ali Alaqi
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2021; 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
191 Drug Repurposing Strategy (DRS): Emerging Approach to Identify Potential Therapeutics for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infection
Biswa Mohan Sahoo, B. V. V. Ravi Kumar, J. Sruti, Manoj Kumar Mahapatra, Bimal K. Banik, Preetismita Borah
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2021; 8
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
192 The Potential Therapeutic Effect of RNA Interference and Natural Products on COVID-19: A Review of the Coronaviruses Infection
Mohammad Reza Kalhori, Fatemeh Saadatpour, Ehsan Arefian, Masoud Soleimani, Mohammad Hosien Farzaei, Ina Yosifova Aneva, Javier Echeverría
Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
193 Exploring Phytochemicals of Traditional Medicinal Plants Exhibiting Inhibitory Activity Against Main Protease, Spike Glycoprotein, RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase and Non-Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Through Virtual Screening
Saranya Nallusamy, Jayakanthan Mannu, Caroline Ravikumar, Kandavelmani Angamuthu, Bharathi Nathan, Kumaravadivel Nachimuthu, Gnanam Ramasamy, Raveendran Muthurajan, Mohankumar Subbarayalu, Kumar Neelakandan
Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
194 An Analysis Based on Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Bromelain as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Trina Ekawati Tallei, Fatimawali, Afriza Yelnetty, Rinaldi Idroes, Diah Kusumawaty, Talha Bin Emran, Talha Zahid Yesiloglu, Wolfgang Sippl, Shafi Mahmud, Taha Alqahtani, Ali M. Alqahtani, Saeed Asiri, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Rownak Jahan, Md. Arif Khan, Ismail Celik
Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
195 Computational Simulations Identified Marine-Derived Natural Bioactive Compounds as Replication Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2
Vikas Kumar, Shraddha Parate, Sanghwa Yoon, Gihwan Lee, Keun Woo Lee
Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
196 Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Auspicious Management of COVID 19
Pratibha Auti, Sagar Kothawade, Anagha Soundankar, Vinayak Kumbhar
Coronaviruses. 2021; 2(6)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
197 Comprehensive Virtual Screening of the Antiviral Potentialities of Marine Polycyclic Guanidine Alkaloids against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Amr El-Demerdash, Ahmed M. Metwaly, Afnan Hassan, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Ibrahim H. Eissa, Reem K. Arafa, James D. Stockand
Biomolecules. 2021; 11(3): 460
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
198 Functionalized Dendrimer Platforms as a New Forefront Arsenal Targeting SARS-CoV-2: An Opportunity
Serge Mignani, Xiangyang Shi, Andrii Karpus, Giovanni Lentini, Jean-Pierre Majoral
Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(9): 1513
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
199 Rapid and Sensitive Inhibitor Screening Using Magnetically Modulated Biosensors
Shira Roth, Amos Danielli
Sensors. 2021; 21(14): 4814
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
200 Fluoxetine Can Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro
Arthur Dechaumes, Magloire Pandoua Nekoua, Sandrine Belouzard, Famara Sane, Ilka Engelmann, Jean Dubuisson, Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou, Didier Hober
Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2): 339
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
201 Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using the Thio-NAD Cycling Reaction: A Preliminary Study before Clinical Trials
Yuta Kyosei, Mayuri Namba, Daiki Makioka, Ayumi Kokubun, Satoshi Watabe, Teruki Yoshimura, Tadahiro Sasaki, Tatsuo Shioda, Etsuro Ito
Microorganisms. 2021; 9(11): 2214
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
202 Improving the Cellular Selectivity of a Membrane-Disrupting Antimicrobial Agent by Monomer Control and by Taming
Steven L. Regen
Molecules. 2021; 26(2): 374
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
203 Receptor-Based Pharmacophore Modeling in the Search for Natural Products for COVID-19 Mpro
Mohd Saeed, Amir Saeed, Md Jahoor Alam, Mousa Alreshidi
Molecules. 2021; 26(6): 1549
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
204 Native Structure-Based Peptides as Potential Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Human ACE2 Receptor
Norbert Odolczyk, Ewa Marzec, Maria Winiewska-Szajewska, Jaroslaw Poznanski, Piotr Zielenkiewicz
Molecules. 2021; 26(8): 2157
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
205 In Silico Studies of Some Isoflavonoids as Potential Candidates against COVID-19 Targeting Human ACE2 (hACE2) and Viral Main Protease (Mpro)
Mohamed S. Alesawy, Abdallah E. Abdallah, Mohammed S. Taghour, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Ibrahim H. Eissa, Ahmed M. Metwaly
Molecules. 2021; 26(9): 2806
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
206 Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides as Potential Agents for Prevention and Treatment of In?uenza and COVID-19
N. N. Besednova, T. N. Zvyagintseva, B. G. Andriukov, T. S. Zaporozhets, T. A. Kuznetsova, S. P. Kryzhanovsky, L. G. Guseva, M. Yu. Shchelkanov
Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2021; 66(7-8): 50
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
207 Metal Nanoparticles against Viruses: Possibilities to Fight SARS-CoV-2
Marcelly Chue-Gonçalves, Giovana N. Pereira, Lígia C. Faccin-Galhardi, Renata K. T. Kobayashi, Gerson Nakazato
Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11): 3118
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
208 The potential role of Fluoroquinolones in the management of Covid-19 a rapid review
Zoheir A. Damanhouri, Huda M. Alkreathy, Ahmed S. Ali, Shahid Karim
Journal Of Advanced Pharmacy Education And Research. 2021; 11(1): 128
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
209 Determination of Favipiravir from Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Extractive Ion Pair Complex Colorimetric Method
Rajan V. Rele, Prathamesh P. Tiwatane
Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2021; : 321
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
210 Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Remdesivir Versus Remdesivir Plus Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT) and the Effect of Timing of Initiation of Remdesivir in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study From North East India
Dibya J Sharma, Aparajita Deb, Phulen Sarma, Bipadabhanjan Mallick, Prithwiraj Bhattacharjee
Cureus. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
211 COVID-19 pandemic: potential phase III vaccines in development
Priya Saini
The Applied Biology & Chemistry Journal. 2020; : 21
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
212 What is Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine in Clinical Cure of SARS-CoV 2?; Evidence From an Iranian Population
Kiarash Ghazvini, Masoud Keikha
International Journal of Health and Life Sciences. 2020; 7(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
213 An Overview of COVID-19: Focus on Pharmacological Aspect
Nandhini Saravanabavan, Padmavathi Shanmuganathan, Manimekalai Kumarappan, Kartik J Salwe, Barathane Datchanamurthy, Johan Pandian, R Sudar Codi, Vimala Ananthy, Kamalasundar Thanuskodi, Uma Narayanamurthy
SBV Journal of Basic, Clinical and Applied Health Science. 2020; 3(2): 75
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
214 Mass Spectrometry and Structural Biology Techniques in the Studies on the Coronavirus-Receptor Interaction
Danuta Witkowska
Molecules. 2020; 25(18): 4133
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
215 In Silico Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptides as an Alternative to Control SARS-CoV-2
Yamil Liscano, Jose Oñate-Garzón, Iván Darío Ocampo-Ibáñez
Molecules. 2020; 25(23): 5535
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
216 Evolutionary Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reveals Genomic Divergence with Implications for Universal Vaccine Efficacy
Nanda Kumar Yellapu, Shachi Patel, Bo Zhang, Richard Meier, Lisa Neums, Dong Pei, Qing Xia, Duncan Rotich, Rosalyn C. Zimmermann, Emily Nissen, Shelby Bell-Glenn, Whitney Shae, Jinxiang Hu, Prabhakar Chalise, Lynn Chollet-Hinton, Devin C. Koestler, Jeffery A. Thompson
Vaccines. 2020; 8(4): 591
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
217 Interactions between Cytokines and Drugs in COVID-19 Potential Interactions between Increased Cytokines in COVID-19 and Drugs used to Treat COVID-19
Tülün ÖZTÜRK, Tugba ÇAVUSOGLU, Canet INCIR, Yesim TUNÇOK
Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2020; 8(1): 174
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
218 In Silico Drug Repurposing of Penicillins to Target Main Protease Mpro of SARS-CoV-2
Baby Krishnaprasad, Swastika Maity, Chetan Mehta, Akhil Suresh, Usha Y Nayak, Yogendra Nayak
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 26(Covid-19): S52
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
219 Investigational Drugs for the COVID 19 Pandemic – A Concise Review
Reena Sherin Parveen, Sherya Hegde, Veena Nayak
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 26(Covid-19): S36
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
220 A Potential Peptide From Soy Cheese Produced Using Lactobacillus delbrueckii WS4 for Effective Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and S1 Glycoprotein
Rounak Chourasia, Srichandan Padhi, Loreni Chiring Phukon, Md Minhajul Abedin, Sudhir P. Singh, Amit Kumar Rai
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2020; 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
221 Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptor Antagonist Famotidine as a Therapeutic Alternative against SARS-CoV2: An In Silico Analysis
Joseph T. Ortega, Maria Luisa Serrano, Beata Jastrzebska
Biomolecules. 2020; 10(6): 954
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
222 Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review
Francesco Di Gennaro, Damiano Pizzol, Claudia Marotta, Mario Antunes, Vincenzo Racalbuto, Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8): 2690
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
223 FAVIPIRAVIR AS A POTENTIAL DRUG IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19
Dany Geraldo Kramer, Maria Josilene Leonardo Da Silva, Gislanne Stéphanne Estevam Da Silva, Ana Maria Marinho Andrade De Moura, Geraldo Barroso Cavalcanti Junior, Anesio Mendes De Sousa, Ana Elizabeth Alves Da Silva
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH. 2020; 8(4): 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
224 Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Cell Subsets in Human Placenta That Highly Expresses Factors Driving Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Nancy Ashary, Anshul Bhide, Priyanka Chakraborty, Stacy Colaco, Anuradha Mishra, Karisma Chhabria, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Deepak Modi
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2020; 8
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
225 Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic
Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan, Sabbir Howlader, Topu Raihan, Mahmudul Hasan
Frontiers in Medicine. 2020; 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
226 Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Major Coronavirus Outbreaks
Rupinder Mann, Abhilash Perisetti, Mahesh Gajendran, Zainab Gandhi, Chandraprakash Umapathy, Hemant Goyal
Frontiers in Medicine. 2020; 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
227 Study of Morphological Nature of Coronavirus: Causes and Prevention
Meetkamal, R.K. Dwivedi
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2020; 14(suppl 1): 963
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
228 Repurposing of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 through Molecular Docking Tools
Rohit Bhatia, Raj Kumar Narang, Ravindra Kumar Rawal
Coronaviruses. 2020; 1(1): 108
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
229 A Summary of Viral Targets and Recently Released PDB IDs of SARS-CoV-2
Rohit Bhatia, Raj K. Narang, Ravindra K. Rawal
The Open Virology Journal. 2020; 14(1): 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
230 Strategies and Challenges to Develop Therapeutic Candidates against COVID-19 Pandemic
Rohit Bhatia, Subrahmanya S Ganti, Raj Kumar Narang, Ravindra Kumar Rawal
The Open Virology Journal. 2020; 14(1): 16
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
231 Favipiravir for treating patients with novel coronavirus (COVID-19): protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
Morteza Arab-Zozani, Soheil Hassanipour, Djavad Ghoddoosi-Nejad
BMJ Open. 2020; 10(7): e039730
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
232 Emerging therapeutics for the management of COVID 19
Sujit Kumar Debnath, Rohit Srivastava, Abdelwahab Omri
Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 2020; 25(3): 337
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
233 COVID-19 Infection: Concise Review Based on the Immunological Perspective
Parisa Lotfinejad, Zahra Asadzadeh, Shiva Najjary, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh, Afshin Derakhshani, Elmira Roshani, Behzad Baradaran
Immunological Investigations. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
234 COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions
Chris R. Triggle, Devendra Bansal, Elmoubasher Abu Baker Abd Farag, Hong Ding, Ali A. Sultan, Helene F. Rosenberg
mSphere. 2020; 5(3)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
235 In Silico Structure-Based Repositioning of Approved Drugs for Spike Glycoprotein S2 Domain Fusion Peptide of SARS-CoV-2: Rationale from Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Calculations
Nishant Shekhar, Phulen Sarma, Manisha Prajapat, Pramod Avti, Hardeep Kaur, Anupam Raja, Harvinder Singh, Anusuya Bhattacharya, Saurabh Sharma, Subodh Kumar, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi, Ileana M. Cristea
mSystems. 2020; 5(5)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
236 The importance of zinc in maintaining the activity of antiviral innate immunity proteins: analysis of publications on COVID-19
O.A. Gromova, I.Yu. Torshin
Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2020; 23(3): 131
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
237 Povidone Iodine (PVP-I) mouth gargle/nasal spray may be the simplest and cost effective therapeutic antidote for COVID-19 Frontier
Khalil Ibrahim
Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2020; : 138
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
238 COVID-19 pandemic: protective role of vitamin D
O. A. Gromova, I. Yu. Torshin, G. Kh. Gabdulina
FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology. 2020; 13(2): 132
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
239

Cancer Care Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ameneh Jafari, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Samira Karami, Mohsen Yazdani, Hakimeh Zali, Zahra Jafari
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2020; Volume 13: 1711
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
240 Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): An Updated Review
Mithun Rudrapal, Shubham J. Khairnar, Laxmikant B. Borse, Anil G. Jadhav
Drug Research. 2020; 70(09): 389
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
241 Repurposing simeprevir, calpain inhibitor IV and a cathepsin F inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 and insights into their interactions with Mpro
Abhithaj J, Dileep Francis, Sharanya C.S., Arun K.G., Sadasivan C., E. Jayadevi Variyar
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
242 Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw): a promising herbal medicine against SARS-CoV-2/ACE-2 junction and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on molecular modeling
Andres F. Yepes-Pérez, Oscar Herrera-Calderon, Jorge Quintero-Saumeth
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
243 Binding mechanism and structural insights into the identified protein target of COVID-19 and importin-a with in-vitro effective drug ivermectin
Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta, Satyaranjan Biswal, Saroj Kumar Panda, Abhik Kumar Ray, Malay Kumar Rana
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
244 In silico screening and molecular dynamics of phytochemicals from Indian cuisine against SARS-CoV-2 MPro
Mala Rajendran, Sudeep Roy, Keerthana Ravichandran, Bagdevi Mishra, Deepak K. Gupta, Subash Nagarajan, Ruby Celsia Arul Selvaraj, Ivo Provaznik
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
245 Virtual screening of phytoconstituents from miracle herb nigella sativa targeting nucleocapsid protein and papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19 treatment
Sahabjada Siddiqui, Shivbrat Upadhyay, Rumana Ahmad, Anamika Gupta, Aditi Srivastava, Anchal Trivedi, Ishrat Husain, Bilal Ahmad, Maqusood Ahamed, Mohsin Ali Khan
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
246 Dual inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike and main protease through a repurposed drug, rutin
Anchala Kumari, Vikrant Singh Rajput, Priya Nagpal, Himanshi Kukrety, Sonam Grover, Abhinav Grover
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
247 Role of comorbidities like diabetes on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: A review
Subham Das, Anu K.R., Sumit Raosaheb Birangal, Ajinkya Nitin Nikam, Abhijeet Pandey, Srinivas Mutalik, Alex Joseph
Life Sciences. 2020; 258: 118202
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
248 Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in different biologic matrix, their diagnostic validity and clinical relevance: A systematic review
Saniya Mahendiratta, Gitika Batra, Phulen Sarma, Harish Kumar, Seema Bansal, Subodh Kumar, Ajay Prakash, Rakesh Sehgal, Bikash Medhi
Life Sciences. 2020; 258: 118207
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
249 Virtual screening and molecular dynamics study of approved drugs as inhibitors of spike protein S1 domain and ACE2 interaction in SARS-CoV-2
Manisha Prajapat, Nishant Shekhar, Phulen Sarma, Pramod Avti, Sanjay Singh, Hardeep Kaur, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Subodh Kumar, Saurabh Sharma, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. 2020; 101: 107716
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
250 An update on antiviral antibody-based biopharmaceuticals
Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh, Zahra Payandeh, Roghaye Arezumand, Kiana Shahzamani, Fatemeh Yarian, Abbas Alibakhshi
International Immunopharmacology. 2020; 86: 106760
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
251 Coronavirus disease 2019: scientific overview of the global pandemic
A. Dey, R. Das, H.S. Misra, S. Uppal
New Microbes and New Infections. 2020; 38: 100800
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
252 SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 During Pregnancy: A Multidisciplinary Review
Kavita Narang, Elizabeth Ann L. Enninga, Madugodaralalage D.S.K. Gunaratne, Eniola R. Ibirogba, Ayssa Teles A. Trad, Amro Elrefaei, Regan N. Theiler, Rodrigo Ruano, Linda M. Szymanski, Rana Chakraborty, Vesna D. Garovic
Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2020; 95(8): 1750
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
253 Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities
Siyu Xiu, Alexej Dick, Han Ju, Sako Mirzaie, Fatemeh Abdi, Simon Cocklin, Peng Zhan, Xinyong Liu
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2020; 63(21): 12256
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
254 Vitamin C as prophylaxis and adjunctive medical treatment for COVID-19?
Adam F. Feyaerts, Walter Luyten
Nutrition. 2020; 79-80: 110948
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
255 Potential repurposed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection drugs
Gamal El-Din A. Abuo-Rahma, Mamdouh F. A. Mohamed, Tarek S. Ibrahim, Mai E. Shoman, Ebtihal Samir, Rehab M. Abd El-Baky
RSC Advances. 2020; 10(45): 26895
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
256 Emerging strategies on in silico drug development against COVID-19: challenges and opportunities
Manisha Yadav, Swasti Dhagat, J. Satya Eswari
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 155: 105522
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
257 An immunoinformatics study on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 revealing potential epitopes as vaccine candidates
Arafat Islam Ashik, Mahedi Hasan, Atiya Tahira Tasnim, Md. Belal Chowdhury, Tanvir Hossain, Shamim Ahmed
Heliyon. 2020; 6(9): e04865
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
258 Computer-aided drug design against spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to aid COVID-19 treatment
Muhammad Shehroz, Tahreem Zaheer, Tanveer Hussain
Heliyon. 2020; 6(10): e05278
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
259 India Fights Back: COVID-19 Pandemic
Kamal Kant Sahu, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Amos Lal, Shamendra Anand Sahu
Heart & Lung. 2020; 49(5): 446
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
260 High throughput virtual screening reveals SARS-CoV-2 multi-target binding natural compounds to lead instant therapy for COVID-19 treatment
Biswajit Naik, Nidhi Gupta, Rupal Ojha, Satyendra Singh, Vijay Kumar Prajapati, Dhaneswar Prusty
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 160: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
261 Corona virus versus existence of human on the earth: A computational and biophysical approach
Zainy Zehra, Manav Luthra, Sobia Manaal Siddiqui, Anas Shamsi, Naseem A. Gaur, Asimul Islam
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 161: 271
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
262 A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Amir Mirzaie, Mehrdad Halaji, Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi, Reza Ranjbar, Hassan Noorbazargan
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2020; 40: 101214
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
263 Discovering small-molecule therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2
Vaibhav Tiwari, Jacob C. Beer, Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan, Michelle Swanson-Mungerson, Umesh R. Desai
Drug Discovery Today. 2020; 25(8): 1535
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
264 Antiviral activity of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine towards RNA-viruses. A review
Michal Otreba, Leon Kosmider, Anna Rzepecka-Stojko
European Journal of Pharmacology. 2020; 887: 173553
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
265 Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic
Amin Gasmi, Sadaf Noor, Torsak Tippairote, Maryam Dadar, Alain Menzel, Geir Bjørklund
Clinical Immunology. 2020; 215: 108409
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
266 Host-membrane interacting interface of the SARS coronavirus envelope protein: Immense functional potential of C-terminal domain
Shruti Mukherjee, Dipita Bhattacharyya, Anirban Bhunia
Biophysical Chemistry. 2020; 266: 106452
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
267 Possible prophylactic or preventive role of topical povidone iodine during accidental ocular exposure to 2019-nCoV
Phulen Sarma, Hardeep Kaur, Bikash Medhi, Anusuya Bhattacharyya
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 258(11): 2563
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
268 Letter to the editor: Possible role of topical povidone iodine in case of accidental ocular exposure to SARS-CoV-2
Phulen Sarma, Hardeep Kaur, Bikash Medhi, Anusuya Bhattacharyya
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 258(11): 2575
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
269 Quantum dots as a promising agent to combat COVID-19
Selvambigai Manivannan, Kumar Ponnuchamy
Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2020; 34(10)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
270 Using COVID -19 as a teaching tool in a time of remote learning: A workflow for bioinformatic approaches to identifying candidates for therapeutic and vaccine development
Samantha Bryce, Kevin N. Heath, Luca Issi, Elizabeth F. Ryder, Reeta Rao
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 2020; 48(5): 492
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
271 Genomics insights of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) into target-based drug discovery
P. Chellapandi, S. Saranya
Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2020; 29(10): 1777
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
272 Virological and clinical cure in COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Phulen Sarma, Hardeep Kaur, Harish Kumar, Dhruv Mahendru, Pramod Avti, Anusuya Bhattacharyya, Manisha Prajapat, Nishant Shekhar, Subodh Kumar, Rahul Singh, Ashutosh Singh, Deba Prasad Dhibar, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi
Journal of Medical Virology. 2020; 92(7): 776
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
273 The Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2 or n-COV19), the Cause of COVID-19
Francis K. Yoshimoto
The Protein Journal. 2020; 39(3): 198
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
274 Peptide modelling and screening against human ACE2 and spike glycoprotein RBD of SARS-CoV-2
Shravan B. Rathod, Pravin B. Prajapati, Lata B. Punjabi, Kuntal N. Prajapati, Neha Chauhan, Mohmedyasin F. Mansuri
In Silico Pharmacology. 2020; 8(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
275 Chloroquine: A Potential Drug in the COVID-19 Scenario
Ranjana Singh, Viji Vijayan
Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering. 2020; 5(2): 399
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
276 SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and assessment of coronaviruses in CNS diseases with a focus on therapeutic targets
Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu, Albin John, Willayat Yousuf Wani, Suguru Pathinti Ramadevi, Kishore Kumar Jella, P. Hemachandra Reddy, Ramesh Kandimalla
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2020; 1866(10): 165889
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
277 Role of heterocyclic compounds in SARS and SARS CoV-2 pandemic
Meenakshi Negi, Pooja A. Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
Bioorganic Chemistry. 2020; 104: 104315
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
Print this article  Email this article
 

    

Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer | Privacy Notice
Online since 20th July '04
Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow