|
 |
| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2011 | Volume
: 43
| Issue : 1 | Page : 56-59 |
| |
An evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of Elaeocarpus ganitrus in experimental animals
Amolkumar K Hule, Abhishek S Shah, Manoj N Gambhire, Archana R Juvekar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Mumbai University, Matunga, Mumbai - 400 019, India
| Date of Submission | 26-Oct-2009 |
| Date of Decision | 09-Feb-2010 |
| Date of Acceptance | 21-Oct-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 15-Jan-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
Archana R Juvekar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Mumbai University, Matunga, Mumbai - 400 019
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.75671
Objective : To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (EAG) in experimental animals.
Materials and Methods : The hypoglycemic activity of the EGA was evaluated in normoglycemic rats by single dose at three graded dose levels, viz. 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight. Antihyperglycemic activity of the extract was also evaluated at the same dose levels in streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced diabetic rats during a 30-day treatment period. Metformin (500 mg/kg) was used as the reference drug. Fasting blood glucose and lipid parameters, viz. triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels were measured. Acute oral toxicity of the EGA extract was carried out in Swiss albino mice.
Results : In normoglycemic rats, EGA showed a significant (P < 0.01) hypoglycemic effect at 2 h. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, the EGA treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner during the 30 days of treatment period. EGA modulated lipid profile changes in STZ-diabetic rats in a dose-dependant manner. In the acute oral toxicity study, EGA showed no mortality till the 5 g/kg dose in mice.
Conclusion : The present investigation shows that EAG seeds has potential antidiabetic effects.
Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, diabetes, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, streptozotocin
How to cite this article:
Hule AK, Shah AS, Gambhire MN, Juvekar AR. An evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of Elaeocarpus ganitrus in experimental animals. Indian J Pharmacol 2011;43:56-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Hule AK, Shah AS, Gambhire MN, Juvekar AR. An evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of Elaeocarpus ganitrus in experimental animals. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Mar 26];43:56-9. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2011/43/1/56/75671 |
Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. (Elaeocarpaceae) is commonly known as Rudraksha in India. Previous studies have shown that E. ganitrus possesses sedative, hypnotic, tranquillizing, anticonvulsive, antiepileptic and antihypertensive activities. [1] E. ganitrus yielded quercetin, gallic and ellagic acids, (-) elaeocarpine, (-) iso-elaeocarpine and rudrakine. [1]
E. grandiflorus, a member of the Elaeocarpaceae family, possesses antidiabetic activity. [2] The water extract of E. ganitrus has been traditionally used to treat diabetic patients without scientific data. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic potential of the aqueous extract of E. ganitrus (EGA) in rats.
| » Materials and Methods | |  |
Chemicals
Streptozotocin (STZ) was obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. Glibenclamide (Daonil; Aventis Pharma) and metformin (Emfor; Stanmed) were obtained from a local dealer. Diagnostic kits for glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride determination were obtained from Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Plant material
Authenticated seeds of E. ganitrus Roxb were obtained as a gift sample from Rudraksha Research and Testing Laboratory (RRTL), Mumbai, India. The seeds were coarse powdered in a cutter and grinding mill. Powdered seeds of E. ganitrus (4 kg) were extracted twice with distilled water (20 L) by stirring overnight and then centrifuged at room temperature. The supernatant was collected and evaporated to dryness at 50C under pressure in a rotary evaporator. The yield of extract (EGA) was about 2.55% w/w, and this was stored in a desiccator.
Animals
Adult male Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice were obtained from Haffkine Bio-Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Mumbai, India. The animals were acclimatized for 10 days before being used for the experiments. They were housed in a room with controlled temperature (23 ± 2C) and a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. The animals were maintained on a standard dry pellet diet (Amrut Brand, Sangli, India) and water ad libitum. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee and was executed according to the guidelines of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), India.
Phytochemical screening
Freshly prepared EGA extract was tested for the presence of alkaloids, steroid and/or triterpenoids and their glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and their glycosides, carbohydrates and cardiac glycosides using the standard procedure. [3]
Acute oral toxicity study
An acute oral toxicity study of EGA extracts for the determination of lethal dose (LD 50 ) was carried out in mice by administering different doses according to the method described by Ghosh et al. [4] It was observed that the extract was nontoxic up to the dose of 5.0 g/kg body weight and was used in different doses for further studies. [4],[5]
Effect of EGA in normal rats
The study was carried out to test the effect of E. ganitrus on the blood sugar levels in normal rats. The rats weighing 200-240 g were divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were fasted overnight before the experiment but were allowed free access to water. Group I was treated with vehicle (0.5% sodium carboxy methyl cellulose - NaCMC) and served as normal control. Groups II, III and IV were treated with EGA orally at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Group V was administered glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). [6] Blood glucose levels (BGLs) were determined using a commercial diagnostic kit (Merck Specialties Ltd.) at different time intervals, viz. 0 (before drug administration) and 1, 2 and 4 h after drug administration. [7]
Effect of EGS on STZ-induced diabetic rats
Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats as per the procedure of Pushparaj. [8] Albino Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were fasted overnight for 12 h and were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) freshly prepared STZ (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) dissolved in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.5) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Hyperglycemia was confirmed by the elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels determined at 72 h and day 7. Rats with FBG between 250 and 350 mg/dl were selected for the study. A mortality of 12% was observed with STZ (60 mg/kg) during the induction of diabetes.
Experimental design
Nondiabetic rats (n = 6) treated with vehicle (0.5% NaCMC) were considered as normal control; Group I. Diabetic rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. Group II was treated with vehicle (0.5% NaCMC) and served as the diabetic control. Group III, IV and V animals were treated with oral EGA at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively. Group VI was treated with metformin (500 mg/kg). All the animals were treated orally daily for 30 days. FBG levels were measured on day 0, i.e. just prior to the initiation of any treatment, on day 16 and 24 h after the last dose of treatment using commercial diagnostic kits. Serum was separated from the blood samples collected through the retroorbital venous plexus under ether anesthesia 24 h after the last dose. The serum lipid profile, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined on these serum samples using commercial diagnostic kits [9],[10] (Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd.).
Statistical analysis
All values were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test for the control and multiple test groups. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
| » Results | | |
Phytochemical screening
The phytochemical studies of EAG revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and flavonoids.
Acute oral toxicity study
Acute oral toxicity observed that EGA was nontoxic and caused no mortality up to 5 g/kg orally in mice. Therefore, the LD 50 value of EGA is >5 g/kg of body weight.
Effect of EGA in normal rats
The EGA extract at the dose levels 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight in normal nondiabetic fasted rats showed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the BGL at 2 h as compared with the control group [Table 1]. The maximum reduction was 28.77% at 1000 mg/kg at 2 h, while glibenclamide reduced the same to 31.28% at 2 h as compared with baseline [Table 1]. | Table 1 :Effect of the aq. extract of Elaeocarpus ganitrus on blood glucose levels in normal rats
Click here to view |
Effect of EGA on STZ-induced diabetic rats
A significant increase (P < 0.01) in FBG was observed in STZ-injected rats as compared with normal control rats. Oral administration of EGA at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days showed a dose-dependent and significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the FBG of diabetic rats as compared with diabetic control rats [Table 2]. On the 16 th day, the maximum reduction (34.9%) in FBG by EGA extracts was shown at the 1000 mg/kg dose as compared with the diabetic control group. Reduction in FBG was 18.95% and 21.44% for the 250 and 500 mg/kg of EGA doses, respectively. After 30 days of EGA treatment, the maximum reduction in FBG (49.39%) was shown by 1000 mg/kg as compared with the diabetic control group. The reduction in FBG was 34.24% and 42.35% for the 250 and 500 mg/kg of EGA doses, respectively. Metformin showed a 44.47% and 53.32% decrease in FBG on the 16 th and 31 st days of treatment, respectively [Table 2]. | Table 2 :Effect of the aq. extract of Elaeocarpus ganitrus on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Click here to view |
In EGA-treated (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) diabetic rats, a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in serum triglycerides was observed after a 30-day treatment period as compared with the diabetic untreated rats. Treatment with EGA (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in total cholesterol by 19.14%, 29.15% and 35.99%, respectively. Because of EGA treatment, the LDL cholesterol levels were also significantly decreased by 25.03%, 37.95% and 45.37%, respectively. HDL cholesterol levels were significantly (P < 0.01) increased by EGA treatment at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in STZ-diabetic rats by 56.39% and 60.87%. In the metformin-treated diabetic rats, there was a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in serum triglycerides (45.04%), total cholesterol (32.26%) and LDL (41.05%) and an increase in HDL (54.38%) as compared with diabetic control rats [Table 3].
| » Discussion | | |
In the present study, the antidiabetic effects of EGA were studied in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. It was interesting to note a significant hypoglycemic activity of the extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
STZ causes diabetes by a rapid depletion of beta-cells and, thereby, reduces insulin release and causes hyperglycemia. [11] Our study demonstrates that the EGA extract possess an antihyperglycemic activity in a dose-dependent manner on the 16 th and 31 st days of the treatment. However, the extract was not able to restore the BGL to the baseline value. This indicates that the E. ganitrus extract should be used with alternatives for diabetic control, like diet and hypoglycemic agents. Metformin produces hypoglycemia by an extra pancreatic mechanism. [12] The effect of EGA on BGL was lower than metformin at all the tested dose levels. Mechanism-based in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to understand the mode of action of EGA for antihyperglycemic activity. Increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels in STZ-diabetic rats support previous findings. [13] EGA treatment suggests its putative role in attenuation of effects on lipid profile in diabetes.
The hypoglycemic effect of E. ganitrus may be attributed to alkaloids, viz. rudrakine, (-)elaeocarpine and (-)iso-elaeocarpine, flavonoids and glycosides. [1] The present investigation shows that EGA seeds have an antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. However, further studies should be undertaken to identify the active hypoglycemic compounds and investigate the mechanism of action of the hypoglycemic activity of E. ganitrus.
| » Acknowledgment | | |
The authors would like to thank Mr. Kamal Seetha of RRTL, Mumbai, India, for financial support for the study.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Singh RK, Acharya SB, Bhattacharya SK. Pharmacological activity of Elaeocarpus sphaericus. Phytother Res 2000;14:36-9. 
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 2. | Bualee C, Ounaroon A, Jeenapongsa R. Antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus. Naresuan Univ J 2007;15:17-28.
|
| 3. | Farnsworth NR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci 1966;55:225-76.
[PUBMED] |
| 4. | Ghosh MN. Toxicity studies. In: Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 2. Calcutta, India: Scientific Book Agency; 1984. p. 153-8.
|
| 5. | Shetty AJ, Shyamjith, Deepa, Alwar MC. Acute toxicity studies and determination of median lethal dose. Curr Sci 2007;93:917-20.
|
| 6. | Tantawy WH, Hassanin LM. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of alcoholic extracts of Tribulus alatus in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A comparative study with Tribulus t. (Caltrop). Indian J Exp Biol 2007;45:285-90.
|
| 7. | Joy KL, Kuttan R. Anti-diabetic activity of Picrorrhiza kurroa extract. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;167:143-8.
|
| 8. | Pushparaj P, Tan CH, Tan BK. Effects of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract on blood glucose and lipids in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72:69-76.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 9. | Jasmine R, Daisy P. Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activity of Eugenia jambolana in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Int J Biol Chem 2007;1:117-21.
|
| 10. | Banz WJ, Iqbal MJ, Bollaert M, Chickris N, James B, Higginbotham DA, et al. Ginseng modifies the diabetic phenotype and genes associated with diabetes in the male ZDF rat. Phytomedicine 2007;14:681-9.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 11. | Mohamed AK, Bierhaus A, Sciekofer S, Trischler H, Zeigler H, Nawroth PP. The role of oxidative stress and NF (B) activation in late diabetic complications. Biofactors 1999;10:175-9.
|
| 12. | Porchezhian E, Ansari SH, Shreedharan NK. Antihyperglycemic activity of Euphrasia officinale leaves. Fitoterapia 2000;71:522-6.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 13. | Chattopadhyay RR, Bandyopadhyay M. Effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on serum lipid profile changes in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Afr J Biomed Res 2005;8:101-4.
|
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Pharmacological properties and phytochemical components of Elaeocarpus: A comparative study |
|
| Susana Elya Sudradjat, Kris Herawan Timotius | | Phytomedicine Plus. 2022; 2(4): 100365 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Influence of concurrent administration of the methanol leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata (Pers) decne (Apocynaceae) with metformin on blood glucose in diabetic rats |
|
| Omobhude Fidelis Aluefua, Aminu Chika, Aminu Ishaka, Kabiru Abubakar | | Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2022; 66: 241 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Impact of growth hormones on vegetative propagation of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. |
|
| Abigail Rai , Amarendra Nath Dey, Nilesh Bhowmick, Mihir Ranjan Panda, Dinesha S. , Bidyut Sarkar | | Environment Conservation Journal. 2022; 23(1&2): 164 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Genitri (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) |
|
| Retno Indriatie, Siti Mudaliana, Febriyana Rizky Hapsari, Masruri Masruri | | IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 833(1): 012016 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Phytotherapy of Hypertension: An Updated Overview |
|
| Mohammed Ajebli, Mohamed Eddouks | | Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets. 2020; 20(6): 812 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Elaeocarpus reticulatus fruit extracts reduce viability and induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro |
|
| Alexandria Turner, Danielle R. Bond, Quan V. Vuong, Anita Chalmers, Emma L. Beckett, Judith Weidenhofer, Christopher J. Scarlett | | Molecular Biology Reports. 2020; 47(3): 2073 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
A Review on Taxonomy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Threats and Conservation of Elaeocarpus L. (Elaeocarpaceae) |
|
| Priya Prasannan, Yasotha Jeyaram, Arjun Pandian, Ramasubbu Raju, Sudharshan Sekar | | The Botanical Review. 2020; 86(3-4): 298 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Evaluation of the Antidiarrhoeal and Antidiabetic Activities of the Leaf Aqueous Extract of Syzygium cordatum Hoscht. ex C.Krauss (Mytraceae) in Rodents |
|
| M. Deliwe,G.J. Amabeoku | | International Journal of Pharmacology. 2013; 9(2): 125 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Elaeocarpus sphaericus: A Tree with Curative Powers: an Overview |
|
| Manu Pant,Ankita Lal,Prabha Bisht,Anju Rani | | Research Journal of Medicinal Plant. 2013; 7(1): 23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
A comprehensive report on therapeutic potential of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. (Rudraksha) |
|
| Swati Joshi, Payal Gupta, Navin Kumar, Nishant Rai, Pankaj Gautam, Ashish Thapliyal | | Environment Conservation Journal. 2012; 13(3): 147 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
