|
 |
| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2011 | Volume
: 43
| Issue : 1 | Page : 31-35 |
| |
Protective role of phyllantus niruri extract in doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats
A.H.M. Thippeswamy1, Akshay Shirodkar1, BC Koti1, A Jaffar Sadiq1, DM Praveen2, A.H.M. Viswanatha Swamy1, Mahesh Patil1
1 Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University's College of Pharmacy, Hubli - 580 031, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University's College of Pharmacy, Hubli - 580 031, Karnataka, India
| Date of Submission | 22-Mar-2010 |
| Date of Decision | 29-Jun-2010 |
| Date of Acceptance | 21-Oct-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 15-Jan-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
A.H.M. Viswanatha Swamy
Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University's College of Pharmacy, Hubli - 580 031, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.75663
Objectives : To investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri (Aq.E.PN) against doxorubicin (Dox)-induced myocardial toxicity in rats.
Materials and Methods : Cardiotoxicity was produced by Dox administration (15 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Aq.E PN (200 mg/kg, orally) was administered as pretreatment for 2 weeks alternated with Dox for the next 2 weeks. The general observations, mortality, histopathology, biomarker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and alkaline phosphatase, diagnostic enzyme markers like aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were monitored after 3 weeks of the last dose.
Results : Pretreatment with the Aq.E.PN significantly (P < 0.01) protected the myocardium from the toxic effects of Dox by reducing the elevated level of biomarker and diagnostic enzymes like LDH, CPK, AST and ALT to the normal levels. Aq.E PN increased the GSH, SOD and CAT levels and decreased the MDA levels in cardiac tissue. Administration of Dox caused cardiomyopathy associated with an antioxidant deficiency.
Conclusion : These results suggest a cardioprotective effect of P. niruri due to its antioxidant properties.
Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, antioxidant, cardiotoxicity, doxorubicin
How to cite this article:
Thippeswamy A, Shirodkar A, Koti B C, Sadiq A J, Praveen D M, Swamy AV, Patil M. Protective role of phyllantus niruri extract in doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011;43:31-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Thippeswamy A, Shirodkar A, Koti B C, Sadiq A J, Praveen D M, Swamy AV, Patil M. Protective role of phyllantus niruri extract in doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Mar 29];43:31-5. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2011/43/1/31/75663 |
| » Introduction | |  |
Doxorubicin (Dox) or Adriamycin is a clinically well-established anticancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of various neoplastic diseases, including breast cancer, acute leukemias and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, etc. However, the clinical use is restricted by an unusual and often irreversible dose-dependent cardiomyopathy. [1] The Dox-induced cardiotoxicity has been shown to be mediated through different mechanisms, including membrane lipid peroxidation, [2] free radical formation, [3] mitochondrial damage [4] and decreased activity of Na + -K + adenosine triphosphate. [5]
The species Phyllanthus niruri (Linn.), also known as Phyllanthus amarus, is a traditional herbaceous plant distributed all over India. It has been reported to have hypotensive, [6] antiulcerogenic, [7] antitumor, [8] antioxidant and hepatoprotective, [9] wound healing [10] and antiamnesic [11] properties. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity has been attributed to the presence of phytochemicals like phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin and flavonoids like niruriflavone, gallic acid and ellagic acids. [12] Considering the myriads of phytochemicals in P. niruri, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and cardioprotective properties of the aqueous extract of P. niruri on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.
| » Materials and Methods | | |
Plant material
The whole plant of P. niruri Linn. was collected from Hubli and its surrounding areas, Karnataka, India. The plant was identified and authenticated by the Botany Department of H.S.K. Science Institute, Hubli. The plant material was dried at room temperature and subjected to coarse powder of desired particle size.
Preparation of the plant extract
Weighed quantity of powdered plant material (25 g) was soaked in boiling water (250 ml) for 15 min, allowed to cool and filtered using Whatman filter paper. The obtained residues were further extracted twice and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated extract was then taken in a china dish and evaporated on a thermostat-controlled water bath till it formed a thick paste.
Animals
Healthy albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing between 150 and 200 g of 10-12 weeks of age were used. Animals were housed individually in polypropylene cages, maintained under standard conditions (12:12 L:D cycle; 25 ± 3 o C and 35-60% humidity), fed with standard rat pellet diet, (Hindustan Lever Ltd, Mumbai, India.) and water ad libitum. The study was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (KLESCOPH / IAEC. Clear / 2007-08).
Materials
Dox was procured from Dr. R. B. Patil Cancer Research Hospital, Hubli, India. Other chemicals used were of analytical grade and were procured locally. Analyzing kits were obtained from ERBA Diagnostics, Daman, India.
Acute toxicity study
The acute oral toxicity study was carried out as per the revised guidelines by Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). Acute toxicity studies were performed on albino mice weighing between 20 and 30 g using the up and down method employed prior to evaluating the cardioprotective activity of P. niruri.
Experimental design
After 1 week of acclimatization, the animals were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. Group 1 served as normal control and received normal saline 5 ml/kg body weight (i.p.). Group 2 was treated with Dox (2.5 mg/kg body weight i.p.) in six equal injections alternatively for 2 weeks to make a total cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. Group 3 received Aq.E. PN (200 mg/kg body weight p.o.) for 2 weeks and then alternatively with vehicle for the next 2 weeks. Group 4 was pretreated with Aq.E. PN 200 mg/kg body weight p.o. for 2 weeks followed by Dox administration as in group 2.
Enzyme assays
Thirty-six hours after the last treatment, orbital blood samples were obtained under light ether anesthesia using heparinized microcapillaries for the estimation of biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), [13] creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) [14] and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). [15] Both control and treated animals were observed for 3 weeks after the last injection for general appearance, behavior and mortality. At the end of 3 weeks posttreatment period, animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and the heart tissue was quickly dissected, washed in ice cold saline, dried on filter paper and weighed immediately. A portion of each heart was taken from all the groups and a 30% w/v homogenate was prepared in 0.9% buffered KCl (pH 7.4) for the estimation of glutathione (GSH), [16] malondialdehyde (MDA), [17] superoxide dismutase (SOD), [18] catalase (CAT), [19] aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). [20] The remaining portion of the heart tissue was used for histopathological studies.
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as the mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. Data were computed for statistical analysis using the Graph Pad Prism Software.
| » Results | | |
Chronic administration of Dox induced cardiac toxicity and effect of Aq.E PN was established by measuring cardiac biomarker enzymes, endogenous antioxidants and heart tissue histopathology. Acute toxicity studies observed that a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. was safe in animals. However, few changes in the behavioral response, like alertness, touch and restlessness, were noted. Therefore, 1/10 th of the maximum tolerated dose, 200 mg/kg b.w., was chosen for further studies.
Heart weight, body weight and ratio of heart weight to body weight
The heart weight, body weight and ratio of heart to body weight was significantly (P < 0.01) increased compared with normal rats in group 2, and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in group 4 as compared with the Dox-treated group [Table 1]. | Table 1 :Efficacy of Aq.E. PN on heart weight, body weight, ratio of heart weight to body weight and cardiac markers in doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity in rats (n = 6)
Click here to view |
Cardiac markers
Animals treated with Dox produced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the level of LDH and CPK as compared with the rats in group 1 [Table 1]. Pretreatment with the Aq.E. PN extract decreased the LDH and CPK level as compared with group 2.
Serum enzyme biomarkers
Animals treated with Dox produced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the level of AST, ALT and ALP as compared with group 1 [Table 2]. Pretreatment with the Aq.E. PN extract inhibited the AST, ALT and ALP levels as compared with group 2. | Table 2 :Effect of Aq.E. PN on AST, ALT and ALP level in doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity in rats (n = 6)
Click here to view |
Antioxidant status
The MDA level was increased whereas the GSH, SOD and CAT levels were significantly (P < 00.01) decreased in the Dox-treated group as compared with normal animals [Table 3]. Group 4 produced a significant decrease in MDA and increased antioxidant enzymes. | Table 3 :Effect of Aq.E. PN on malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats (n = 6)
Click here to view |
Histopathological observation
The histology of the heart tissue from the control and the Aq.E. PN treated animals showed normal morphological appearances [Figure 1] and [Figure 3], whereas in group 2 loss of myofibrils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, enlarged swollen mitochondria, patchy necrosis and inflammatory cells were observed [Figure 2]. The histology of heart tissues from group 4 showed less loss of myofibrils and vacuolization of the cytoplasm [Figure 4]. | Figure 1 :Group 1- showing normal myocardial fibres and architecture (×10)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2 :Group 2- Doxorubicin treated group showing loss of myocardial fibres and vacuolated cells (×10)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3 :Group 3- Aq.E.PN treated group showing no vacuolated cells and myofibres loss and normal architecture (×10)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 4 :Group 4-Aq.E.PN + doxorubicin treated group showing scanty myocardial fibres loss and vacuolated cells (×10)
Click here to view |
| » Discussion | | |
The existing experimental evidence suggests that Dox oxidative stress is due to the generation of free radicals in the heart tissue. [21] Heart tissue is especially susceptible to free radical injury because of low levels of free radical detoxifying enzymes like SOD, CAT and GSH. Further, Dox also has a high affinity for the phospholipid component of the mitochondrial membrane in cardiac myocytes, leading to accumulation of Dox in the heart tissue. [22] Cellular GSH depletion is closely related to the lipid peroxidation and disturbance of Ca 2+ influx induced by toxic agents. Oral administration of the Aq.E. PN extract along with Dox maintained the concentration of GSH at near-normal levels, which prevents cell disruption probably by decreasing the Ca 2+ influx.
The present study has shown that Dox induces lipid peroxidation and decreases the levels of protective enzymes in the heart tissues. Pretreatment with Aq.E. PN significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. These results indicate the protective effect of Aq.E. PN on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by scavenging of free radicals.
The antioxidant effects of plant species in the genus Phyllanthus have been reported. For example, P. urinaria and P. emblica reduced the oxidative damage in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity [23] and ischemic-reperfusion injury, [24] respectively. This may be due to the presence of antioxidants such as flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. The phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and flavonoids, like niruriflavone, gallic acid and ellagic acids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds present in the P. niruri may have different functional properties, such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of generation of free radicals and chain-breaking activity. This may act as hydrogen-donating radical scavenger by scavenging lipid alkoxyl and peroxyl radical and protect the myocardium from Dox-induced injury.
A deficiency of oxygen supply or glucose may damage the myocardial cells and the cell membrane becomes permeable or ruptures, resulting in leakage of enzymes. We observed an increase in the activities of LDH, CPK, AST and ALT in Dox-treated rats. Pretreatment with Aq.E. PN decreased the enzyme activities in serum and increased the same in the heart. Similar results have been observed by Koti et al. [25] This could be due to the protective or membrane-stabilizing effect of Aq.E. PN on the myocardium, reducing the cardiac damage and, thereby, restricting the leakage of these enzymes. In addition, Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is also characterized by decreased body weight and increase in the heart weight. The results of the present study confirmed the earlier findings that Dox administration caused a decrease in the body weight and increase in the heart weight. The histopathological report suggests that the P. niruri pretreated group attenuates the Dox-induced loss of myofibrils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm and swelling of mitochondria. Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, triterpenoids, niruriflavone and phenolic compounds present in P. niruri may be responsible for reducing the oxidative damage.
| » Conclusion | | |
In conclusion, the present results suggest that P. niruri prevents the Dox-induced myocardial toxicity by boosting the endogenous antioxidant activity. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of P. niruri and its clinical application.
| » Acknowledgment | | |
The authors thank the Principal, K.L.E. University's College of Pharmacy, Hubli, India, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Lenaz L, Page J. Cardiotoxicity of Adriamycin and related anthracyclines. Cancer Treat Rev 1976;3:111-20. 
|
| 2. | Myers CF, McGuire WP, Liss RH. Adriamycin: The role of lipid peroxidation in cardiac toxicity and tumor response. Science 1977;97:165-7.
|
| 3. | Zhon S, Palmeira CM, Wallace KB. Doxorubicin induced persistent oxidative stress to cardiac myocytes. Toxicol Lett 2001;121:151-7.
|
| 4. | Bier CC, Jaenke RS. Function of myocardial mitochondria in the Adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy of rabbits. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976;57:1091-4.
[PUBMED] |
| 5. | Geetha A, Devi CS. Effect of Doxorubicin on heart mitochondrial enzymes in rats: A protective role for alpha tocopherol. Indian J Exp Biol 1992;30:615-8.
[PUBMED] |
| 6. | Amaechina FC, Omogbai EK. Hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus, Schum and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae). Acta Pol Pharm-Drug Res 2007;64:547-52.
|
| 7. | Oluwole FS, Maduabuchi NO, Odetola AA. Antiulcerogenic effects of Phyllanthus amarus in rats. Nigerian J Physiol Sci 2002;17:52-6.
|
| 8. | Islam A, Selvan T, Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Ghosal S. Antitumour effect of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus against Ehrilch ascites carcinoma in mice. Pharmacologyonline 2008;2:796-807.
|
| 9. | Sabir SM, Rocha JBT. Water-extractable phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri exhibit distinct in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Food Chem 2008;111:845-51.
|
| 10. | Devi V, Shanbhag TV, Bairy KL, Shenoy S. Effect of Phyllanthus niruri on wound healing in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005;49:487-90.
[PUBMED] |
| 11. | Joshi H, Parle M. Pharmacological evidences for antiamnesic potentials of Phyllanthus amarus in mice. Afr J Biomed Res 2007;10:165-73.
|
| 12. | Anupam S, Ravneet TS, Sukhdev SH. Estimation of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin by high performance liquid chromatography in Phyllanthus amarus. Phytochemical Analysis 2007;4:226-9.
|
| 13. | Mukesh KC, Ravi KU. Biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice. J Appl Toxicol 2008;28:874-84.
|
| 14. | Allison GW, Perla RJ, Belliveau PP, Angelis SM. Elevated creatine phosphokinase levels associated with linezolid therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66:1097-100.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 15. | Park W, Kim BS, Lee JE, Huh JK, Kim BJ, Sung KC, et al. Serum phosphate levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome: A double-edged sword. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009;83:119-25.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70-7.
[PUBMED] |
| 17. | Jeyanthi T, Subramanian P. Protective effect of Withania somnifera root powder on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2010;21:61-78.
[PUBMED] |
| 18. | Mohanty I, Arya DS, Dinda A, Talwar KK, Joshi S, Gupta SK. Mechanisms of cardioprotective effect of Withania somnifera in experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004;94:184-90.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 19. | Clairborne A. Catalase activity. In: Greenwald RA, editor. Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1985. p. 283.
|
| 20. | Hsu JD, Kao SH, Tu CC, Li YJ, Wang CJ. Solanum nigrum L. extract inhibits 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through overexpression of glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:8628-34.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 21. | Hardina R, Gersl V, Klimtova I, Simunek T, Machackova J, Adamcova M. Anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity. Acta Medica 2000;43:75-82.
|
| 22. | Takacs IE, Matkovics B, Varga SI, Homolay P, Feer G, Seres T. Study of the myocardial antioxidant defense in various species. Pharmacol Res 1992;25:177-8.
|
| 23. | Chularojmontri L, Wattanapitayakul SK, Herunsalee A, Charuchongkolwongse S, Srichairat S. Antioxidant and cardioprotective effects of Phyllanthus Urinaria on Doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1165-71.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 24. | Rajak S, Banerjee SK, Sood S, Dinda AK, Gupta YK, Gupta SK, et al. Emblica officinalis causes myocardial adaptation and protects against oxidative stress in ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats. Phytother Res 2004;18:54-60.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 25. | Koti BC, Vishwanathswamy AH, Jyoti W, Thippeswamy AH. Cardioprotective effect of lipistat against doxorubicin induced myocardial toxicity in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009;47:41-6.
|
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn during pregnancy and lactation on neurobehavioral parameters of rats’ offspring |
|
| Maciel da Costa Alves, Diego Elias Pereira, Rita de Cássia de Araújo Bidô, Juliano Carlo Rufino Freitas, Cláudia Patrícia Fernandes dos Santos, Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 270: 113862 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Enhancement in differentially observed functional bioactivities in Phyllanthus niruri plant parts upon radiation hygeinization |
|
| Devesh Narayan, Sudhanshu Saxena, Vijay Anand, Jyoti Tripathi, C.K. Salunkhe, Satyendra Gautam | | Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2021; 189: 109706 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Cardioprotective effects of corilagin on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity via P13K/Akt and NF-?B signaling pathways in rats model |
|
| Jing Huang, Ying Lei, Shengping Lei, Xinwen Gong | | Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Effect of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. on Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Doxorubicin in Wistar Rats |
|
| Mhaveer Singh, Mohammad Ahmed Khan, Kamal Y. T., Javed Ahmad, Usama A. Fahmy, Sabna Kotta, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Sayeed Ahmad | | Plants. 2020; 9(11): 1579 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus niruri Leaves Displays In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Prevents the Elevation of Oxidative Stress in the Kidney of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats |
|
| Nelli Giribabu,Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao,Korla Praveen Kumar,Sekaran Muniandy,Somesula Swapna Rekha,Naguib Salleh | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Alleviation of doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by chrysin in Wistar rats |
|
| Summya Rashid,Nemat Ali,Sana Nafees,Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad,Wani Arjumand,Syed Kazim Hasan,Sarwat Sultana | | Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 2013; 23(5): 337 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Vigna unguiculata modulates cholesterol induced cardiac markers, genotoxicity and gene expressions profile in an experimental rabbit model |
|
| P. A. Janeesh,Annie Abraham | | Food & Function. 2013; 4(4): 568 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Ethanolic extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata bark and leaf attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice |
|
| Bandari Uma Mahesh,Shweta Shrivastava,Madhusudhana Kuncha,Bidya Dhar Sahu,Challa Veerabhadra Swamy,Rajeswara Rao Pragada,V.G.M. Naidu,Ramakrishna Sistla | | Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2013; 36(3): 840 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Cardioprotective effect of ascorbic acid on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats |
|
| Viswanatha Swamy, A.H.M., Wangikar, U., Koti, B.C., Thippeswamy, A.H.M., Ronad, P.M., Manjula, D.V. | | Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 43(5): 507-511 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
