|
| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 42
| Issue : 3 | Page : 142-145 |
| |
Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats
Benson Mathai Kochikuzhyil, Kshama Devi, Santosh Raghunandan Fattepur
Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| Date of Submission | 25-Oct-2008 |
| Date of Decision | 07-May-2009 |
| Date of Acceptance | 30-Apr-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 28-Jul-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
Kshama Devi
Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.66835
Objective : To study the effect of saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich dietary vegetable oils on the lipid profile, endogenous antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods : Type 2 diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (90 mg/kg, i.p.) in neonatal rats. Twenty-eight-day-old normal (N) and diabetic (D) male Wistar rats were fed for 45 days with a fat-enriched special diet (10%) prepared with coconut oil (CO) - lauric acid-rich SFA, palm oil (PO) - palmitic acid-rich SFA and groundnut oil (GNO) - control (N and D). Lipid profile, endogenous antioxidant enzymes and oral glucose tolerance tests were monitored.
Results : D rats fed with CO (D + CO) exhibited a significant decrease in the total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Besides, they also showed a trend toward improving antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance as compared to the D + GNO group, whereas D + PO treatment aggravated the dyslipidemic condition while causing a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase levels when compared to N rats fed with GNO (N + GNO). D + PO treatment also impaired the glucose tolerance when compared to N + GNO and D + GNO.
Conclusion : The type of FA in the dietary oil determines its deleterious or beneficial effects. Lauric acid present in CO may protect against diabetes-induced dyslipidemia.
Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, atherogenicity, coconut oil, glucose tolerance, palm oil, saturated fatty acid
How to cite this article:
Kochikuzhyil BM, Devi K, Fattepur SR. Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2010;42:142-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Kochikuzhyil BM, Devi K, Fattepur SR. Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2010 [cited 2023 Sep 25];42:142-5. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2010/42/3/142/66835 |
| » Introduction | |  |
Dietary fatty acids (FAs) play a key role in various pathological processes involved in diabetes mellitus (DM), such as insulin resistance and atherothrombogenic risk. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Both DM and dietary fats have a significant role in the development of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis by modulating the serum lipid profile [6] and free radical generation. [7] Consumption of excess and wrong dietary saturated fats under DM conditions can accelerate the atherosclerotic process and is considered to be harmful. [1],[2],[3] Therefore, consumption of saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich dietary vegetable oils, viz. coconut oil (CO) and palm oil (PO) is discouraged. [3],[8] Medicinal uses of CO are mentioned in ayurvedic texts, which characterize CO as "hrdyam" or "good for heart and cardiovascular system." [3],[9] Whereas PO, another SFA-rich oil, is widely used in developing countries, including India, due to its low cost. [3] There are reports both in favor and in opposition to the health effects of CO and PO on coronary heart disease and DM. [3] Hence, the present study was carried out to investigate the influence of CO and PO on the lipid profile, endogenous antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in experimentally induced type 2 DM rats.
| » Materials and Methods | | |
Experimental animals
In-house laboratory bred male Wistar rats of 4 weeks of age (45 ± 3 g) were selected for the study. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages on clean paddy husk beddings and were maintained under controlled temperature of 20° ± 2°C with an alternating 12-h light:dark cycle (light on 6.00-18.00 h). Diet and water were provided ad libitum. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC). Animal ethical guidelines and good laboratory practice guidelines were followed throughout the experimental period. In addition, all the precautions were taken to minimize pain and discomfort to the animals.
Test dietary fats
Groundnut oil (GNO), CO and PO were purchased from the local market.
Test diets
Diet 1: GNO (Control); Diet 2: CO (lauric acid-rich SFA); Diet 3: PO (palmitic acid-rich SFA). The diets were prepared according to the modified American Institute of Nutrition formulae (AIN-76). [2],[3] GNO was chosen for the control diets because it is the most commonly used edible oil in Southern India. The dose of the dietary vegetable oil was 10% (w/w). Diets were stored in a refrigerator (2°-8°C) and were prepared freshly every week. Individual groups (n = 6) were fed with the respective diet for 45 days. Animals were provided with fresh diet daily ad libitum and the left over food was discarded.
Experimental conditions
Normal (N) group
Rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions and fed with the respective diets till the completion of the experiment.
Diabetes (D) group
A mild and stable form of diabetes resembling type 2 human DM was produced by intraperitoneal injection of a freshly prepared solution of Streptozotocin (90 mg/kg) to 2-day-old rat pups. [10] On the 27 th day, the rats were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). At the end of 1 h of glucose challenge, the rats showing glucose levels 185 ± 15 mg/dl (against sham control glucose level <100 mg/dl) were included in the study. Later, 28-day-old rats were fed with the respective diets till the completion of the experiment.
Biochemical analysis
At the end of 45 days, 2.0 ml of blood was withdrawn from the orbital sinus and the serum was separated by centrifuging at 6000 rpm for 15 min. Lipid profile, viz. total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were estimated by biochemical kits from Ranbaxy, India using a semiautoanalyser, artos from Switzerland. Non-HDL-C and atherogenic index (AI) were calculated according to the following formulae:
Non-HDL-C = TC-HDL-C [2]
AI = TC-HDL-C/HDL-C [2]
OGTT,
A dose of 1 g/kg of glucose solution (50%) was administered orally to animals that were fasted overnight. [11] Blood was withdrawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min and the glucose levels were determined using a biochemical kit (Enzokit; Ranbaxy, India) on the semiautoanalyser.
Activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes
Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Livers of the animals were perfused with normal saline and were dissected and processed. Ten percent homogenates were prepared in saline (10%w/v) and centrifuged and the supernatant was used for antioxidant enzyme assays. The total protein content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined using standard procedures. [2],[3]
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). The statistical analysis involving four groups was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. P-value at < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All the data were processed with Graph Pad Prism version 5.00 software.
| » Results | | |
Effect on the serum lipid profile
The D + GNO (D control) group showed a significant increase in the lipid profile, namely TC (P < 0.001), HDL-C (P < 0.05) and non-HDL-C (P < 0.01) as compared with the N + GNO (N control) group. However, the D control group had an apparent increase in AI. Supplementation of CO and PO to D rats showed differential effects. While the CO treatment showed an apparent reduction in AI as compared to the N control, the PO treatment significantly enhanced (P < 0.001) the TC, TG and AI as compared to the N control. Moreover, CO administration significantly reversed the D-associated dyslipidemia with respect to the TC (P < 0.01) and non-HDL-C (P < 0.05) levels whereas PO administration increased the D-associated hyperlipemia (P < 0.01) [Table 1] and [Figure 1].
Effect on the liver antioxidant enzymes and LPO
D-induced rats showed a significant drop in SOD while they had elevated LPO. However, D control rats did not show significant changes in catalase as compared to the N + GNO group. Among the two SFA-rich dietary fats studied, the D + PO group showed a significant decrease in SOD (P < 0.001) and an increase in LPO (P < 0.01) whereas the CO-treated group produced no changes in these two parameters. Furthermore, PO administration did not significantly alter the D-associated changes. The CO seemed to have apparently reversed the D-induced changes in LPO and antioxidant status [Table 2].
Effect on oral glucose tolerance
All D groups had high glucose levels following OGTT when compared to N animals. Among the three groups, the CO-administered group showed minimal rise in the blood glucose level. The PO-administered group showed consistently high sugar levels at all the time intervals of sugar monitoring [Figure 2].
| » Discussion | | |
The present study shows that CO has a beneficial effect against the DM-associated dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and glucose intolerance, thereby exhibiting a trend toward anti-atherosclerotic profile. On the contrary, PO has a trend toward pro-atherosclerotic profile. It has been reported in the literature that CO possesses many of the health benefits, viz. hypocholesterolemic, hypolipemic, antiplaque, antioxidant [3] and antidiabetic [12],[13] properties. One of the reasons could be the difference in chain lengths that are metabolized differently. The major FA content of CO is medium-chain lauric acid (48%). [3],[9] Lauric acid (C 12:0) gets converted into monolaurins - the best fat similar to mother's milk. [3],[9] The short- and medium-chain SFAs are easily digested, absorbed and utilized by the body and contribute less fat deposition when compared to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). [14] LCFAs, however, are transported via chylomicrons into the lymphatic system, allowing for extensive uptake into the adipose tissue, as evident in our study, by the hypolipedemic activity of CO in D rats.
The present study has also observed aggravated D-associated dyslipidemia [Table 1] and oxidative stress [Table 2] in the PO-fed group. PO, an SFA dietary oil, contains 40% of palmitic acid (C16:0) and only 0.2% lauric acid. [2],[15] Palmitic acid is suspected to possess a hypercholesterolemic effect. [16] It increases the cholesterol ester transport protein activity, which is responsible for the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL. This, in turn, is responsible for the decrease in the HDL-C concentration combined with an increase in LDL-C. [17] Moreover, palmitic acid is metabolized to palmitoleic acid, which, in turn, reduces HDL-C. [18] We also observed an increase in the non-HDL-C levels and AI in the PO-treated D group, which further confirms the harmful effects of palmitic acid-rich PO on health. The increase in the non-HDL-C level and oxidative stress in the PO-fed group may result in the formation of more oxidized LDL-C, which is known to accelerate the atherosclerosis process. The beneficial effects of CO and the deleterious effects of PO were also observed in our earlier study involving N and stressed rats. [2] Hence, it can be suggested that the deleterious effects observed by the SFA-rich oil is dependent on the type of FAs present.
Results of OGTT have shown better glucose tolerance with CO whereas PO has impaired glucose tolerance. The observed difference in insulin sensitivity between two SFA-containing oils studied may be related to the TG level. There are reports on the association of elevated serum TGs with insulin resistance. As per Storlien et al., one of the mechanisms for the fat-induced insulin resistance could be attributed to an increased accumulation of TG in the skeletal muscle. [19] Besides, several other studies involving animals and humans have shown that the FA composition of muscle membrane phospholipid is closely associated with insulin action, altering fluidity and receptor activity. [20],[21] The difference in insulin sensitivity between two SFA-containing oils studied may also be due to the change in the composition of FA in the membrane phospholipids. It has been reported earlier that CO, due to the increased content of lauric acid, improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the incidence of DM. [13],[14] But, peripheral insulin sensitivity was significantly and negatively correlated with the proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids. [21] Amelsvoort et al. have also reported that PO feeding resulted in a lower rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin binding to the cells (lower number of low-affinity binding sites) than feeding sunflower oil. [22] Therefore, based on our results, we can state that the insulin insensitivity due to the higher intake of saturated fat may be relevant to palmitic acid-rich oil but may not be due to lauric acid-rich CO.
The present study claims the protective role of lauric acid-rich CO against oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance. PO due to low content of lauric acid and high content of palmitic acid was found to manifest deleterious effects of SFA. Hence, consumption of high amount of lauric acid- and less amount of palmitic acid-containing oils is likely to provide marked improvement in many aspects of the metabolic syndrome via a range of direct and indirect effects on glucose/lipid metabolism in the body against DM and DM-associated complications. It can be concluded that it is not just SFA but also the type of FA (lauric acid) present in the dietary oil used that is important.
| » Acknowledgment | | |
The authors are thankful to ICMR, New Delhi for the senior research fellowship and to Prof. B.G. Shivananda, Principal, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, for providing the facility to carry out the research work.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Sircar S, Kansra U. Choice of cooking oils-myths and realities. J Indian Med Assoc 1998;96:304-7.  [PUBMED] |
| 2. | Benson MK, Devi K. Influence of omega-6/omega-3 rich dietary oils on lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes in normal and stressed rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009;47:98-103. [PUBMED] |
| 3. | Benson MK, Kshama D, Fattepur SR. Studies on SFA/TFA (saturated/trans fatty acid) rich dietary fats on lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes in normal and stressed rats. Phcog Mag 2008;4:320-8.  |
| 4. | Storlien LH, Kriketos AD, Jenkins AB, Baur LA, Pan DA, Tapsell LC, et al. Does dietary fat influence insulin action? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;827:287-301. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Lefevre M, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Tracy RP. Dietary fatty acids, hemostasis, and cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104:410-9. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Kris-Etherton PM, Yu S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: Human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1628S-44S. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 7. | Ghosh S, Kewalramani G, Yuen G, Pulinilkunnil T, An D, Innis SM, et al. Induction of mitochondrial nitrative damage and cardiac dysfunction by chronic provision of dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;41:1413-24. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Enas EA. Cooking oils, cholesterol and CAD: Facts and myths. Indian Heart J 1996;48:423-7. [PUBMED] |
| 9. | Hegde BM. Coconut oil: Ideal fat next only to mother′s milk (scanning coconut′s horoscope). JIACM 2006;7:16-9. |
| 10. | Rodrigues B, Poucheret P, Battell ML, McNeil JH. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes: Induction, mechanism(s), and dose dependency. In: McNeil JH, editor. Experimental Models of Diabetes. Boca Raton: CRC Press LCC; 1999. p. 3-17. |
| 11. | Aderibigbe AO, Emudianughe TS, Lawal BA. Antihypergycemic effect of mangifera indica in rat. Phytother Res 1999;13:504-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 12. | Garfinkel M, Lee S, Opara EC, Akwari OE. Insulinotropic potency of lauric acid: A metabolic rationale for medium chain fatty acids (MCF) in TPN formulation. J Surg Res 1992;52:328-3. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 13. | Fife B. Diabetes and virgin coconut oil - Research references. [5 screens]. Available from: http://www.coconut-connections.com/diabetes.htm [last cited on 2008 Sept 24]. |
| 14. | Dayrit CS. Coconut oil: Atherogenic or not? Philipp J Cardiol 2003;31:97-104. |
| 15. | Edem DO. Palm oil: Biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological, and toxicological aspects: A review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2002;57:319-41. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:895-8. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 17. | Schwab US, Maliranta HM, Sarkkinen ES, Savolainen MJ, Kesδniemi YA, Uusitupa MI. Different effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in healthy young women. Metabolism 1996;45:143-9. |
| 18. | Palmitoleic acid. [2 screens]. Available from: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitoleic_acid [last cited on 2008 Sept 24]. |
| 19. | Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Pascoe WS, Khouri S, Kraegen EW. Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes 1991;40:280-9. [PUBMED] |
| 20. | Storlien LH, Kriketos AD, Calvert GD, Baur LA, Jenkins AB. Fatty acids, triglycerides and syndromes of insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1997;57:379-5. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 21. | Louheranta AM, Sarkkinen ES, Vidgren HM, Schwab US, Uusitupa MI. Association of the fatty acid profile of serum lipids with glucose and insulin metabolism during 2 fat-modified diets in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:331-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 22. | van Amelsvoort JM, van der Beek A, Stam JJ. Effects of the type of dietary fatty acid on the insulin receptor function in rat epididymal fat cells. Ann Nutr Metab 1986;30:273-80. [PUBMED] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Partial replacement of high-fat diet with n-3 PUFAs enhanced beef tallow attenuates dyslipidemia and endoplasmic reticulum stress in tunicamycin-injected rats |
|
| Jiaxiang Zheng, Jisu Lee, Jaemin Byun, Daeung Yu, Jung-Heun Ha | | Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023; 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Effects of Hydroxylated Lecithin on Growth Performance, Serum Enzyme Activity, Hormone Levels Related to Lipid Metabolism and Meat Quality in Jiangnan White Goslings |
|
| Hongzhi Wu, Sibo Wang, Yong Tian, Ning Zhou, Chunqin Wu, Ruiqing Li, Wenwu Xu, Tieshan Xu, Lihong Gu, Fengjie Ji, Li Xu, Lizhi Lu | | Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2022; 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Ormona® SI and Ormona® RC—New Nutraceuticals with Geranylgeraniol, Tocotrienols, Anthocyanins, and Isoflavones—Decrease High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats |
|
| Ana Paula Santos Rodrigues, Raimundo da Silva Barbosa, Arlindo César Matias Pereira, Mateus Alves Batista, Priscila Faimann Sales, Adriana Maciel Ferreira, Nayara Nilcia Dias Colares, Heitor Ribeiro da Silva, Marcelo Oliveira dos Santos Soares, Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim, José Carlos Tavares Carvalho | | Nutraceuticals. 2022; 2(4): 311 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Anethum graveolens and Citrullus colocynthis Extracts with Different Polarities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats |
|
| Abbas Ahmadi, Mehrdad Roghani, Meysam Parsianfard, Faeze-sadat Seyedmomeni, Sahar Gheraati, Seyed Ali Sobhanian | | Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Chemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of Ajuga parviflora Benth. |
|
| Amrita Suryavanshi, Suresh Kumar, Dolly Kain, Atul Arya | | Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2021; 37: 102191 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine due to prolonged consumption of palm oil |
|
| Rhea Singh, Galina Gubina-Vakulyck, Tatyana Gorbach | | Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2021; 30(1): 41 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Plant oils: From chemical composition to encapsulated form use |
|
| Narimane Lammari, Ouahida Louaer, Abdeslam Hassen Meniai, Hatem Fessi, Abdelhamid Elaissari | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021; 601: 120538 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Coconut products alleviate hyperglycaemic, hyperlipidimic and nephropathy indices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats |
|
| Karemah A. Alatawi, Fawzia A. Alshubaily | | Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28(8): 4224 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
The Effects of Solvent Polarity on Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Portulaca Oleracea and Achillea Eriophora DC Extracts |
|
| Abbas Ahmadi, Mohsen Khalili, Atena Roghani, Adeleh Behi, Sommayeh Nazirzadeh | | Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2021; 54(12): 1243 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Effect of dietary Acrocomia aculeata kernel oil rich in medium chain fatty acids on type 2 diabetic rats |
|
| Ângela Alves Nunes, Danieli Fernanda Buccini, Jeandre Augusto dos Santos Jaques, Luciane Candeloro Portugal, Rita Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães, Simone Palma Favaro, Ruy de Araújo Caldas, Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho | | Journal of Functional Foods. 2020; 75: 104295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Frontotemporal dementia: Plasma metabolomic signature using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
|
| Anna Luiza Morais Santos, Jessica Gardone Vitório, Maria José Nunes de Paiva, Brenda Lee Simas Porto, Henrique Cerqueira Guimarães, Gisele André Baptista Canuto, Maria das Graças Carvalho, Leonardo Cruz de Souza, Juliano Simões de Toledo, Paulo Caramelli, Filipe Fideles Duarte-Andrade, Karina Braga Gomes | | Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020; 189: 113424 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Potential of coconut oil and medium chain triglycerides in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease |
|
| Pratishtha Chatterjee, Malika Fernando, Binosha Fernando, Cintia B. Dias, Tejal Shah, Renuka Silva, Shehan Williams, Steve Pedrini, Heidi Hillebrandt, Kathryn Goozee, Edward Barin, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Manohar Garg, Stephen Cunnane, Ralph N. Martins | | Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2020; 186: 111209 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Lauric acid alleviates insulin resistance by improving mitochondrial biogenesis in THP-1 macrophages |
|
| Yong Yao Tham, Quok Cheong Choo, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad, Choy Hoong Chew | | Molecular Biology Reports. 2020; 47(12): 9595 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Biochemical properties, nutritional values, health benefits and sustainability of palm oil |
|
| Monde Aké Absalome, Cisse-Camara Massara, Ake Aké Alexandre, Koffi Gervais, Gauze Gnagne-Agnero Chantal, Djohan Ferdinand, Abodo Jacko Rhedoor, Iklo Coulibaly, Tiahou G. George, Thomasset Brigitte, Morena Marion, Cristol Jean-Paul | | Biochimie. 2020; 178: 81 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
The Glucose-Lowering Effects of Coconut Oil: A Case Report and Review of the Literature |
|
| Samar Malaeb, Christopher Spoke, J. Paul Frindik | | Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
The Effects of Solvent Polarity on Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Securigera Securidaca (L.), Achillea Eriophora DC, and Portulaca Oleracea Extracts |
|
| Abbas Ahmadi, Mohsen Khalili, Maryam Salimi, Niloofar Mirsistani, Ayda Niksirat, Sommayeh Nazirzadeh | | Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2019; 53(3): 248 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Palm Yagi ve Saglik Üzerine Etkileri |
|
| Emre DUMAN, Alev KESER | | Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018; 9(3): 54 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
The Effects of Solvent Polarity on Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Vaccinium Arctostaphylos L. Unripe Fruits |
|
| Abbas Ahmadi, Mohsen Khalili, Fatemeh Mashaee, Babak Nahri-Niknafs | | Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2017; 50(11): 746 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic Effects of Some Polar and Nonpolar Extracts of Securigera Securidaca Flowers |
|
| Abbas Ahmadi, Mohsen Khalili, Shideh Margedari, Babak Nahri-Niknafs | | Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2016; 49(11): 753 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Dietary Consumption of Virgin Coconut Oil Ameliorates Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Rats |
|
| A. M. Akinnuga,S. O. Jeje,O. Bamidele,V. E. Sunday | | Physiology Journal. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Influence of dietary saturated fat content on adiposity, macrophage behavior, inflammation, and metabolism: composition matters |
|
| Reilly T. Enos, J. Mark Davis, Kandy T. Velázquez, Jamie L. McClellan, Stani D. Day, Kevin A. Carnevale, E. Angela Murphy | | Journal of Lipid Research. 2013; 54(1): 152 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Comparative Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Different Parts of Cassia fistula Linn, a Southeast Asian Plant |
|
| John Wilking Einstein,Mustafa Mohd Rais,Mustafa Ali Mohd | | Journal of Chemistry. 2013; 2013: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Heart Health = Urologic Health and Heart Unhealthy = Urologic Unhealthy: Rapid Review of Lifestyle Changes and Dietary Supplements |
|
| Mark A. Moyad | | Urologic Clinics of North America. 2011; 38(3): 359 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Heart health = urologic health and heart unhealthy = urologic unhealthy: Rapid review of lifestyle changes and dietary supplements |
|
| Moyad, M.A. | | Urologic Clinics of North America. 2011; 38(3): 359-367 | | [Pubmed] | | | 25 |
Effect of four different vegetable oils (Red Palm olein, Palm olein, Corn oil, coconut oil) on Antioxidant enzymes activity of rat Liver |
|
| Dauqan, E., Sani, H.A., Abdullah, A., Kasim, Z.M. | | Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011; 14(6): 399-403 | | [Pubmed] | | | 26 |
Effect of Four Different Vegetable Oils (Red Palm Olein, Palm Olein, Corn Oil, Coconut Oil) on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Rat Liver |
|
| Eqbal Dauqan,Halimah Abdullah Sani,Aminah Abdullah,Zalifah Mohd Kasim | | Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011; 14(6): 399 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
