IPSIndian Journal of Pharmacology
Home  IPS  Feedback Subscribe Top cited articles Login 
Users Online : 608 
Small font sizeDefault font sizeIncrease font size
Navigate Here
  Search
 
 » Next article
 » Previous article 
 » Table of Contents
  
Resource Links
 »  Similar in PUBMED
 »  Search Pubmed for
 »  Search in Google Scholar for
 »Related articles
 »  Article in PDF (146 KB)
 »  Citation Manager
 »  Access Statistics
 »  Reader Comments
 »  Email Alert *
 »  Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
In This Article
 »  Abstract
 »  Introduction
 »  Materials and Me...
 »  Anti-inflammator...
 »  Results
 »  Discussion
 »  Acknowledgment
 »  References
 »  Article Figures

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed6409    
    Printed257    
    Emailed13    
    PDF Downloaded1584    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 11    

Recommend this journal

 


 
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Year : 2009  |  Volume : 41  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 158-161
 

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Argyreia speciosa root


1 Department of Pharmacology, S.N.J.B'S S.S.D.J. College of Pharmacy Chandwad, Dist. Nashik - 423 101, Maharashtra, India
2 NGSPM's College of Pharmacy, Brahma Valley Educational Campus At/p Anjaneri Tal- Trimbak, Nashik, India

Date of Submission08-Sep-2008
Date of Decision25-Feb-2009
Date of Acceptance24-Jul-2009
Date of Web Publication26-Sep-2009

Correspondence Address:
C D Upasani
NGSPM's College of Pharmacy, Brahma Valley Educational Campus At/p Anjaneri Tal- Trimbak, Nashik
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.56066

Rights and Permissions

 » Abstract 

Objective: To study analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of a methanolic extract (ME) of Argyreia speciosa (AS) root powder.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using male albino mice (20-25 gm) and male wistar rats (100-150gm). The ME was prepared using soxhlet extraction process. The effect of ME of A. speciosa was investigated for analgesic activity using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, tail immersion method and hot plate method. The anti-inflammatory activity of ME of AS roots was studied using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.
Result: The ME of A. speciosa root was used in pain and inflammation models. The analgesic activity of AS at the dose of (30,100, and 300 mg/kg p.o) showed significant (P< 0.01) decrease in acetic acid-induced writhing, whereas ME of A. speciosa at the dose of (100, 300 mg/kg p.o) showed significant (P<0.01) increase in latency to tail flick in tail immersion method and elevated mean basal reaction time in hot plate method. The ME of the A. speciosa at doses (30, 100, and 300mg/kg) showed significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of carrageenan induced hind paw edema in rats.
Conclusion: The ME of A. speciosa showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice and rat.


Keywords: Argyreia speciosa, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, methanolic extracts


How to cite this article:
Bachhav R S, Gulecha V S, Upasani C D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Argyreia speciosa root. Indian J Pharmacol 2009;41:158-61

How to cite this URL:
Bachhav R S, Gulecha V S, Upasani C D. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Argyreia speciosa root. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2009 [cited 2023 Jun 6];41:158-61. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2009/41/4/158/56066



 » Introduction Top


Argyreia speciosa Burm. F. (Convolvulaceae), commonly known as Vridha daraka is a rasayana herb used in many Ayurvedic preparations in the Indian system of medicine. Roots of A. speciosa are used in Ayurveda as an aphrodisiac, rejuvenator, intellect promoting brain tonic, nervine tonic for liver disorders and as a tonic for general debility. [1],[2],[3] Previous investigations on A. speciosa roots have revealed the presence of aryl esters, [4] coumarin glucoside, [5] p-hydroxycinnamate and scopoletin [6] as important phytoconstituents. In Hindu medicine, the root is regarded as an alternative tonic and useful in rheumatic affection and disease of the central nervous system. The plant has been reported to possess antimicrobial, [6] anti-inflammatory, wound healing, [7] immunomodulatory [8] and nootropic [9] activities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of A. speciosa in mice and rats at different doses.


 » Materials and Methods Top


Preparation of methanolic extract

The roots were obtained from the garden of Ayurvedic Mahavidyalay, Panchvati Ganeshwadi, Nashik 422003. About 500g of the powder was subjected to soxhlet extraction for 12 hours using 5.0 liters of methanol as a solvent. The extract was made free from solvent by keeping it on a water bath at 50-60 0 C and gave a yield of 20%.

Phytochemical test

The freshly prepared ME of A. speciosa was subjected to standard phytochemical screening tests for various constituents.

Animals

Albino mice (20-25 gm) and Wistar rats (100-150 gm) were obtained from the National Toxicological Centre, Sinhgad road, Pune. Animals were housed in groups of five at an ambient temperature of 25±1°C with free access to food and water. Animals were deprived of food but not water four hours before the experiment. For screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, mice and rats were divided into five different groups. The first group served as a control group. The second group was used as reference standard. Three groups received ME of A. speciosa at three different doses (30,100,300 mg/kg p.o.). The study protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.

Drugs

Aspirin (Research Lab, Mumbai), pentazocine (Fortwin, Ranbaxy) and carrageenan (Sigma, Mumbai) were used in the study. The ME of A. speciosa (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), carrageenan and aspirin were prepared in two per cent gum acacia suspension before oral administration (p.o). Pentazocine was mixed in saline before intra peritoneal administration (i.p). Two per cent gum acacia suspension prepared in distilled water was used in the control group.

Acetic acid-induced writhing

In this method, mice were divided in five groups of five each. The animals were pretreated with drugs 45 minutes before induction of writhing. The animals received the standard drug aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) which served as reference standard. Analgesic activity of ME of A. speciosa (30,100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) was assessed by counting the number of writhes induced by 0.6% acetic acid (10 ml/kg i.p.). [10],[11] The number of writhes per animal was counted for the next 20 minutes. Percentage protection against abdominal constriction was taken as an index of analgesia.

It was calculated as:



Tail immersion method

In this method, mice were divided in five groups of five each. The animals were pretreated with drugs 60 minutes before tail immersion. The animals received the standard drug pentazocine (17.5 mg/kg, i.p.) which served as reference standard. The distal 2-3 cm portion of mouse-tail was immersed in hot water maintained at 55 ±1 0 C. [11] The time taken by the mouse to withdraw the tail from hot water was noted as reaction time. The cut off time was considered 10-12sec.

Hot plate method

In this method, mice were divided in five groups of five in each group. The animals were pretreated with drugs 60 minutes before experimentation. The animals received the standard drug aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) served as reference standard. They were placed on a hot plate maintained at a temperature of 55± 0.5 ΊC. [11] The latency to flick the hind paw or lick or jump from the hot plate was the reaction time. The reaction time was noted at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. The cut off time was considered as 15 seconds.


 » Anti-inflammatory Activity Top


Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

In this method, rats were divided in five groups of five each. The animals were pretreated with drugs 60 minutes before injection of carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1%). Carrageenan was injected into the sub plantar tissue of left hind paw of each rat. Swellings of carrageenan-injected foot were measured at zero, one, two, three hours using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, Italy). [12,13] The right hind paw was injected with 0.1 ml of vehicle. The animals received the standard drug aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) which served as reference standard.

Statistical analysis

Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


 » Results Top


Phytochemical test

The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, resins, carbohydrate, flavonoids, triterpenes, starch, and tannins in ME of A. speciosa.

Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction method

The ME of A. speciosa (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the number of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid compared to control group. Maximum inhibition of writhing response by ME of A. speciosa (300 mg/kg) was 43.55%, which was comparable to aspirin (20 mg/kg) [Figure 1].

Tail immersion method

The ME of A. speciosa (30 mg/kg, p.o.) did not show significant increase in latency to flick tail compared to control group (P > 0.05). The ME of A. speciosa at doses (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in latency to flick tail compared to control group. The highest nociception inhibition of stimulus by ME of A. speciosa (300 mg/kg) was observed at 15 minutes [Figure 2].

Hot plate method

The ME of A. speciosa (30mg/kg, p.o.) did not show significant (P > 0.05) increase in the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method compared to control. The ME of A. speciosa at doses (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in the mean basal reaction time. The highest nociception inhibition of stimulus exhibited by ME of A. speciosa (300 mg/kg) was observed at 15 minutes [Figure 3].

Carrageenan-induced Rat Paw Edema

The ME of A. speciosa (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Maximum inhibition of paw edema was observed in ME of A. speciosa (100 mg/kg) at four hours when compared to the control group. Aspirin inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema by 40.93% [Figure 4].


 » Discussion Top


The preliminary phytochemical screening of ME of A. speciosa show the presence of alkaloids, resins, carbohydrate, flavonoids, triterpenes, starch, and tannins. [14] Thus, the activity of A. speciosa could be due to flavonoids and triterpene components. [15] The ME of A. speciosa did not show any toxicity and behavioral changes in mice up to 3000 mg/kg hence doses of (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) were selected for the present study. [16] The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of ME of A. speciosa in various models of pain and inflammation were found to be analogous. The stimulus may be thermal (tail flick, tail immersion, and hot plate tests), mechanical (tail or paw pressure tests), electrical (stimulation of paw, tail or dental pulp) or chemical ('writhing' and formalin tests). [17] Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction is a sensitive method for screening peripheral analgesic effect of compounds. It causes an increase in concentration of PGE2 and PGF2α in the peritoneal fluid. [18],[19]

The hot plate method and tail immersion method have been found to be suitable for evaluation of centrally acting analgesics. [20] The nociceptors seem to be sensitized by sensory nerves. The involvement of endogenous substances such as PGs may be minimized in this model. In centrally acting analgesic methods, the drug in100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg doses was found to be significantly effective. The 30 mg/kg dose was found to be ineffective in this analgesic model for evaluating centrally acting drugs. However, all the three doses were found to be effective in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction method, that is used to evaluate peripherally acting analgesics In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction method, pain is generated indirectly via endogenous mediators like prostaglandin, which stimulates peripheral nociceptive neurons. These neuronal fibers are sensitive to both narcotics and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [19] The ME of A. speciosa inhibited the acetic acid-induced pain with potency compared to the aspirin. The standard drug aspirin which inhibit the peripheral pain induced by direct action of acetic acid in the abdomen by inhibiting the prostaglandin secretion.

Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema has been a popular inflammatory model to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of compounds. [21] It has a biphasic effect. The first phase is due to release of histamine and serotonin (5-HT) (0-2 hr), plateau phase is maintained by a kinin like substance (3hr) and second accelerating phase of swelling is attributed to PG release (>4hr). [22] In our study, ME of A. speciosa (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced edema induced by carrageenan in all three phases. Hence it can be concluded that ME of A. speciosa possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties that may be mediated by the presence of triterpene and flavonoid components.


 » Acknowledgment Top


Authors are grateful to the Principal of SNJB'S S.S.D.J College of Pharmacy, Chandwad Nashik for providing necessary research facilities.

 
 » References Top

1.Kirtikar KR and Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. Deharadun: Shiva Offset Press; 1994. p. 1707-9.  Back to cited text no. 1      
2.Warrier PK, Nambiar VP, Ramankutty C. Indian medicinal plants: A compendium of 500 species. Delhi: Orient Longman; 1994. p. 191-4.  Back to cited text no. 2      
3.Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. In database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 2004. p. 550.  Back to cited text no. 3      
4.Srivastava A, Shukla YN. Aryl esters and a coumarin from Argyreia speciosa. Indian J Chem 1998;37:192-4.  Back to cited text no. 4      
5.Shukla YN, Srivastava A, Sushilkumar A. Coumarin glucoside from Argyreia speciosa roots. Indian Drugs 2001;38:487-8.  Back to cited text no. 5      
6.Shukla YN, Srivastava A, Sushilkumar. Phytotoxic and antimicrobial constituents of Argyreia speciosa and Oenothera biennis. J. Ethnopharmacol 1999;67:241-5.  Back to cited text no. 6      
7.Kartik R, Ojha SK, Rao CV, Mehrotra S, Pushpagadan P. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of Argyreia speciosa (Roxb) sweet for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity. National seminar on new millennium strategies for Quality Safety and GMP's of Herbal drugs/products. Lucknow: NBRI; 2003. p. 142.  Back to cited text no. 7      
8.Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Saraf MN. Investigations into the immunomodulatory activity of Argyreia speciosa. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:109-14.  Back to cited text no. 8      
9.Joshi H, Habbu PV, Mahadevan KM, Navneet K, Chauhan J, Krupa M, et al. Memory improving effect of Argyreia speciosa in mice. Nat Prod 2007;3:1-5.  Back to cited text no. 9      
10.Koster R, Anderson M, De Beer EJ. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed Proc 1959;18:412-5.  Back to cited text no. 10      
11.Turner RA. Screening methods in pharmacology. New York: Academic Press; 1971. p. 100-13.  Back to cited text no. 11      
12.Vogel HG. Drug discovery and evaluation, pharmacological assay, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2002. p. 670.  Back to cited text no. 12      
13.Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenan - induced edema in hind paw of rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 1962;111:544-7.  Back to cited text no. 13      
14.Kokate CK. Practical pharmacognosy. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 1994. p. 107-9.  Back to cited text no. 14      
15.Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of S.lappa, A. speciosa and A. aspera. Phytomedicine 2002;9:433-7.  Back to cited text no. 15      
16.Habbu PV, Shastry RA, Mahadevan KM, Joshi H, Das SK. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Argyreia speciosa in rats. Afr J Trad CAM 2008;2:158-64.  Back to cited text no. 16      
17.George KA, Eric W, David DO, George AK. Antinociceptive Effects of Newboulia laveis (P.Beauv) Stem Bark Extract in a Rat Model. Phcog Mag 2009;17:49-54.  Back to cited text no. 17      
18.Bentley GA, Newton SH, Starr J. Studies on the anti-nociceptive action of drugs and their interaction with opioid mechanism against. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79:125-34.  Back to cited text no. 18      
19.Collier HO, Dinneen LC, Johnson CA, Schneider C. The abdominal constriction response and its suppression by analgesic drugs in mouse. Br Pharmacol 1968;32:295 310.   Back to cited text no. 19      
20.Woolfe G, MacDonald AD. The evaluation of the analgesic action of Pethidine Hydrochloride. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;80:300.  Back to cited text no. 20      
21.Vinegar R, Schreiber W, Hugo RJ. Biphasic development of carrageenan edema in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1969;166:96-103.  Back to cited text no. 21      
22.Shenawy SM, Abdel-Salam OM, Baiuomy AR, Baeran SE, Arbid MS. Studies on the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive effects of melatonin in rat. Pharmacol Res 2002;46:235-43  Back to cited text no. 22      


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]

This article has been cited by
1 Spinal cord-wide structural disruption in type 2 diabetes rescued by Exenatide "a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue" via down-regulating inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic signaling pathways
Dalia A. Mandour, Sally M. Shalaby, MA Bendary
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 2022; : 102079
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of “Cherchoomoro” (Nepeta adenophyta Hedge)
Iftikhar Ali, Muhammad Ali, Huma Shareef, Sadaf Naeem, Adeeba Khadim, Meher Ali, Faiza Amber, Hidayat Hussain, Muhammad Ismail, Syed Tasadaque A. Shah, Ali Noor, Daijie Wang
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 279: 114402
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of different extracts of leaves and stem barks of Macropanax dispermus (Araliaceae): a promising ethnomedicinal plant
Syeda Rubaiya Afrin, Mohammad Rashedul Islam, Bibi Humayra Khanam, Nawreen Monir Proma, Sayeda Saima Didari, Sarah Waddun Jannat, Mohammed Kamrul Hossain
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 7(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 CNS anti-depressant, anxiolytic and analgesic effects of Ganoderma applanatum (mushroom) along with ligand-receptor binding screening provide new insights: Multi-disciplinary approaches
S M Moazzem Hossen, Mohammad Jahedul Islam, Md. Rabiul Hossain, Anik Barua, Md. Giash Uddin, Nazim Uddin Emon
Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2021; 27: 101062
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris L. leaves
Nurpen Meitei Thangjam, Jasmina Taijong, Awadhesh Kumar
Clinical Phytoscience. 2020; 6(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effect of an Ethanol Extract Mixture of Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix
Sang-Hwa Park, Yeon Hee Seong
Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research. 2017; 18(2): 60
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: "Reverse pharmacology" and "Bedside to bench" approach
Aggarwal, B.B., Prasad, S., Reuter, S., Kannappan, R., Yadav, V.R., Park, B., Kim, J.H., (...), Sung, B.
Current Drug Targets. 2011; 12(11): 1595-1653
[Pubmed]
8 Effect of Argyreia speciosa root extract on cafeteria diet-induced obesity in rats
Kumar, S., Alagawadi, K., Rao, M.
Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 43(2): 163-167
[Pubmed]
9 Argyreia speciosa (Linn. f.) sweet: A comprehensive review
Galani, V., Patel, B., Patel, N.
Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2010; 4(8): 172-178
[Pubmed]
10 Argyreia speciosa Linn.f.: Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies
Modi, A.J., Khadabadi, S.S., Farooqui, I.A., Deore, S.L.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2010; 2(2): 14-21
[Pubmed]
11 Argyreia speciosa Linn. f.: Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies
Modi, A.J., Khadabadi, S.S., Deokate, U.A., Farooqui, I.A., Deore, S.L., Gangwani, M.R.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2010; 2(3): 34-42
[Pubmed]



 

Top
Print this article  Email this article

    

Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer | Privacy Notice
Online since 20th July '04
Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow