|
| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2008 | Volume
: 40
| Issue : 1 | Page : 23-27 |
| |
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora oleoides in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats
JP Yadav1, Sushila Saini1, AN Kalia2, AS Dangi1
1 Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| Date of Submission | 28-Jun-2007 |
| Date of Decision | 04-Mar-2008 |
| Date of Acceptance | 07-Mar-2008 |
Correspondence Address:
J P Yadav
Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.40485
Objective: To find out the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of an ethanolic extract of the aerial part of Salvadora oleoides Decne in euglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats.
Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Normal as well as diabetic albino rats were divided into groups (n = 6) receiving different treatments: vehicle (control), ethanolic extract (1 g and 2 g/kg b.w), and standard antidiabetic drug tolbutamide (0.5 g/kg b.w.). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and were analyzed for blood glucose and lipid profile on days 0, 7, 14, and 21.
Results: The ethanolic extract of S oleoides produced significant reduction ( P < 0.001) in blood glucose and also had beneficial effects ( P < 0.001) on the lipid profile in euglycemic as well as alloxan-induced diabetic rats at the end of the treatment period (21 st day). However, the reduction in the blood glucose and improvement in lipid profile was less than that achieved with the standard drug tolbutamide.
Conclusion: We concluded that an ethanolic extract of S oleoides is effective in controlling blood glucose levels and improves lipid profile in euglycemic as well as diabetic rats.
Keywords: Antidiabetic, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, sulphonylureas
How to cite this article:
Yadav J P, Saini S, Kalia A N, Dangi A S. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora oleoides in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:23-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Yadav J P, Saini S, Kalia A N, Dangi A S. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora oleoides in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2023 Mar 31];40:23-7. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2008/40/1/23/40485 |
Diabetes mellitus is heterogeneous primary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with multiple etiological factors; it generally involves absolute or relative insulin deficiency, or insulin resistance, or both. Whatever the cause, diabetes ultimately leads to hyperglycemia, which is the landmark of this disease syndrome. [1] NIDDM has also been associated with an increased risk for premature arteriosclerosis due to increase in triglycerides and low density lipoprotein levels. About 70-80% of deaths in diabetic patients are due to vascular disease. An ideal treatment for diabetes would be a drug that not only controls the glycemic level but also prevents the development of arteriosclerosis and other complications of diabetes. [2]
Long before the use of insulin became common, indigenous remedies were used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. There has been an increasing demand from patients for the use of natural products with antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity. This is largely because insulin cannot be used orally and insulin injections are associated with the risk of hypoglycemia and impairment of hepatic and other body functions. The undesirable side effects and contraindications of synthetic drugs, and the fact that they are not suitable for use during pregnancy, have made scientists look towards hypoglycemic agents of plant origin. [3] Many herbs and plant products have been shown to have antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action. [4],[5],[6]
Salvadora oleoides Decne (Salvadoraceae family), commonly known in India as meetha jal is an oil-yielding medicinal and multipurpose tree. It can grow in arid and alkaline conditions. [7] The leaves of S. oleoides are used to relieve cough and for treatment of enlarged spleen and fever. The leaves of S. oleoides are said to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiulcer activity. [8] The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts (stem and leaves) of S. oleoides in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
| » Materials and Methods | |  |
Animals
Adult albino rats of 16-19 weeks age and of either sex, weighing 180-200 g, were procured from the Disease-Free Small-Animal House, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India). The animals were kept in clean and dry plastic cages, with 12 h: 12 h light-dark cycle at 25 ± 2°C temperature and 45-55% relative humidity. The animals were fed with standard pellet diet (Hafed, Rohtak) and water was given ad libitum. For experimental purpose the animals were kept fasting overnight but allowed free access to water. The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Department of Biosciences, M. D. University, Rohtak approved the study.
Preparation of the extract
Aerial parts (stem and leaves) of S. oleoides Decne (Salvadoraceae) were collected in April-June from Matanhail, Jhajjar District, Haryana (India). The plant material was authenticated by the FRI, Dehradun. A voucher specimen (No. 14/153533) was deposited at FRI, Dehradun.
The plant material was dried under shade and powdered in a grinder. The powdered material (100 g) was extracted with 70% ethanol by hot continuous percolation method in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was evaporated to dryness under vacuum and dried in a vacuum desiccator to obtain a residue of 13.65 g.
Drug administration
The quantities of the individual drugs to be administered were calculated and suspended in vehicle (1% w/v suspension of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in water 10 ml/kg b.w). The drug was administered continuously for 21 days orally using an infant feeding tube. The results were compared with that of the standard drug tolbutamide which was also given continuously for 21 days.
Determination of LD 50 of S. oleoides
LD 50 was calculated by the probit analysis method. [9]
Induction of experimental diabetes
A single dose (120 mg/kg b.w, i.p.) of alloxan monohydrate (1%) dissolved in sterile normal saline was used for induction of diabetes mellitus in the rats. Diabetes was confirmed 1 week after alloxan injection by determining the blood glucose concentration; only animals with blood glucose of 200-300 mg/dl (mild diabetes) were used for the experiment. The diabetic animals were allowed free access to tap water and pellet diet and were maintained at room temperature in plastic cages.
Collection of blood and experimental setup
The rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether and blood samples were drawn from the heart of the animals. The rats were divided into two groups as follows:
- Euglycemic rats: Euglycemic rats were divided into four groups, each group having six animals. Group I served as control and received 1% w/v suspension of CMC in water at a dose of 10 ml/kg b.w. Group II and III received ethanolic extract of S. oleoides in 1% CMC at a dose of 1 g and 2 g/kg b.w, respectively. Group IV received the standard drug tolbutamide at a dose of 0.5 g/kg b.w. Blood glucose and lipid profile were estimated before starting the treatment and weekly (7, 14, and 21 days) thereafter up to the end of treatment period.
- Diabetic rats: Diabetic rats were also divided in to four groups as described above. Blood glucose and lipid profile were determined at day 0, 7, 14, and 21.
Estimation of blood glucose and lipid profile
Fasting blood glucose was determined using the ortho-toluidine method. [10] Total cholesterol estimation was done using the Erba diagnostic kit. [11] Serum triglycerides were estimated using Enzokit (Ranbaxy). [12] HDL-cholesterol was determined using the Erba diagnostic kit. [13] VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)-cholesterol was calculated as: triglycerides/5; LDL (low density lipoproteins) cholesterol was calculated by the equation:
LDL-cholesterol = total cholesterol - (HDL + VLDL).
All estimations were done using the Erba Transasia auto-analyzer.
Statistical analysis
The blood glucose and lipid levels before and after the administration of extract were compared using Student's 't' test. The data on blood glucose level was also analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The minimum level of significance was fixed at P < 0.05.
Probit analysis method
Ten rats were given S. oleoides ethanolic extract in doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 g/kg b.w. The rats were kept under observation for 21 days to monitor mortality. The percentage of mortality was calculated and values were transformed to probit scale [Table - 1]. Calculating the value from table, the LD 50 was found to be 29.51.
| » Results | | |
Effect of ethanolic extract of S oleoides on euglycemic rats
A significant reduction ( P < 0.001) in blood glucose levels was observed at the end of the second week (14 th day) of treatment with ethanolic extract (1 g/kg and 2 g/kg b.w.) of S. oleoides in the euglycemic rats; this was further lowered after 21 days of treatment. The maximum reduction in blood glucose level was seen at a dose of 2 g/kg b.w, the fall being 10.98, 19.99, and 26.92%, respectively, after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days of S. oleoides extract administration. However the effect of S. oleoides ethanolic extract was less than that of tolbutamide, which showed 36.05% reduction in blood glucose levels after 21 days of treatment [Figure - 1].
As the blood glucose-lowering effect of 2 g/kg b.w. of the ethanolic extract was more, only the effect of this dose on the lipid profile of normal as well diabetic albino rats is shown in [Table - 2]. Administration of the ethanolic extract led to a significant fall ( P < 0.001) in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, and improved the HDL levels, in normal rats. Tolbutamide also showed reduction in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, and improved the HDL, after 21 days [Table - 2].
Effect of S oleoides ethanolic extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats
On repeated administration of ethanolic extract at doses of 1g and 2 g/kg b.w.for 21 days, a significant ( P < 0.001) dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose of the diabetic rats was seen as compared to the vehicle-treated group. Tolbutamide showed a 29.37% decrease as compared to the control group [Figure - 2].
Administration of vehicle to alloxan-induced diabetic rats resulted in an increase in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, and decreased HDL, after 21 days. Continuous administration of the ethanolic extract (2 g/kg b.w.) of S. oleoides led to significant decrease ( P < 0.001) in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL in the diabetic rats, while it increased ( P < 0.01) the level of HDL [Table - 3].
| » Discussion | | |
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder caused by partial or complete insulin deficiency, which produces inadequate glucose control and leads to acute and chronic complications. Premature and extensive arteriosclerosis involving renal, peripheral, and cardiovascular vessels remain the major complication of diabetes mellitus. Alteration in the serum lipid profile is known to occur in diabetes and this is likely to increase the risk for coronary heart disease. A reduction in serum lipids, particularly of the LDL and VLDL fraction and triglycerides, should be considered as being beneficial for the long-term prognosis of these patients. [14] Lowering of blood glucose and plasma lipid levels through dietary modification and drug therapy seems to be associated with a decrease in the risk of vascular disease.
In the present study, treatment with S. oleoides ethanolic extract (2 g/kg b.w.) in euglycemic rats produced significant decrease in blood glucose level. The hypoglycemic effect may be due to increased secretion of insulin from the b-cells of the pancreas, i.e., pancreatotrophic action. [15] S. oleoides contain several organic sulfur compounds and it is well known that sulfur derivatives show hypoglycemic effects. In fact, many plants containing sulfur are used traditionally as antidiabetics. [16],[17] These compounds produce an increase in insulin, probably by inhibition of some substances competing with insulin for their SH-group. The results were comparable with that of tolbutamide, which acts by stimulation of insulin release, [18] thus further confirming that the extract lowers the blood glucose by a pancreatotrophic action.
Moreover, S. oleoides produced significant beneficial effects in the lipid profile in euglycemic rats, reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, and increasing HDL, significantly. The ethanolic extract increased secretion of insulin from b-cells of pancreas; this increased secretion of insulin stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis and also the incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides in the liver and adipose tissue. [19]
Alloxan, a beta cytotoxin, induces 'chemical diabetes' in a wide variety of animal species by damaging the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. [19] Literature sources indicate that alloxan rats are hyperglycemic. [20] The use of lower doses of alloxan (120 mg/kg b.w.) produced a partial destruction of pancreatic b-cells even though the animals became permanently diabetic. [21] Thus, these animals have surviving b-cells and regeneration is possible. [22] It is well known that the sulfonylureas (tolbutamide) act by directly stimulating the b-cells of the Islets of Langerhans More Details to release more insulin and these compounds are active in mild alloxan-induced diabetes where as they. [23] Since our results show that tolbutamide reduced the blood glucose levels in the diabetic animals, the state of diabetes is not severe.
Prolonged administration of an ethanolic extract of S. oleoides leads to significant reduction in blood glucose level, which is in agreement with other studies. [24],[25] The hypoglycemic activity of the drug was due to the regeneration of pancreatic cells that were partially destroyed by alloxan, and potentiation of insulin secretion from surviving b-cells of the islets of Langerhans. [26]
Diabetic rats were observed to have increased plasma lipids, which are responsible for several cardiovascular disorders. [27] The higher lipid levels seen in diabetic rats was due to increased mobilization of free fatty acids from peripheral depots and also due to lipolysis caused by hormones. [28],[29] The ethanolic extract leads to regeneration of the b-cells of the pancreas and potentiation of insulin secretion from surviving b-cells; the increase in insulin secretion and the consequent decrease in blood glucose level may lead to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and control of lipolytic hormones. In this context, a number of other plants have also been reported to have antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and insulin stimulatory effects. [30],[31],[32]
It is well known that LDL plays an important role in arteriosclerosis and that hypercholesterolemia is associated with a defect relating to the lack of LDL receptors. The decrease of cholesterol and LDL levels achieved by administration of ethanolic extract, demonstrates a possible protection against hypercholesterolemia and the harm this condition brings about. Further studies are needed to identify the chemical constituents of the ethanolic extract of S. oleoides that may be responsible for the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity.
| » Acknowledgment | | |
Sushila Saini would like to thank the UGC for the award of a JRF/SRF.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Olefasky JM. Diabetes mellitus. In: Wyngarden JB, Smith LH, Bennett JC, editors. Text Book of Medicine. Philadalphia: WB Saunders; 1992.  |
| 2. | Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 2 nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1985. |
| 3. | Berger W. Incidence of severe side effects during therapy with sulphonylureas and biguanides. Hormones Metabolic Res 1985;17:111-5. |
| 4. | Elder C. Ayurveda for diabeties mellitus: A review of the biomedical literature. Altern Ther Health Med 2004;10:44-50. |
| 5. | Srinvasan K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: Spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005;56:399-414. |
| 6. | Badole S, Patel N, Bodhankar S, Jain B, Bhardwaj S. Antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2006;38:49-53. |
| 7. | Singh U, Wadhwani AM, Johri MB. Dictionary of Economic plants. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 1996. |
| 8. | Anonymous. The Wealth of India-Raw Materials. IX, PID, New Delhi: CSIR; 1972. |
| 9. | Finney DJ. Probit analysis: A statistical treatment of sigmoid response curve. London: Cambridge University Press; 1971. |
| 10. | Dubowski KM. Blood sugar estimation by o-toluidine method. Clin Chem 1962;8:215-35. |
| 11. | Roeschlau P, Bernt E, Gruber W. Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 1974;12:226. |
| 12. | Buccolo G, David H. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin Chem 1973;19:476-82. |
| 13. | Burstein M. Scholnick HR, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoprotein from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J Lipid Res 1970;11:583-95. |
| 14. | Chattopadhay RF, Bandyopadhyay M. Effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on serum lipid profile changes in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Afr J Biomed Res 2005;8:101-4. |
| 15. | Trivedi NA, Mazumdar B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. Effect of Shilajit on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:373-6. |
| 16. | Kupiecki FP, Ogzewalla CD, Schell FM. Isolation and characterization of a hypoglycemic agent from Xanthium strumarium . J Pharm Sci 1974;63:1166-7. |
| 17. | Oliver-Bever B. Medicinal plants in Tropical West Africa. London: Cambridge University Press; 1986. |
| 18. | Hardy KJ, McNutty SJ. Oral hypoglycemic agents. Med Digest 1997;23:5-9. |
| 19. | Best CH, Taylor NB. Biological effects of insulin. In: Williams W, Wilkins, editors. Physiological basis of medical practice. London: Cambridge University Press; 1989. |
| 20. | Bopanna KN. Anti diabetic and antihyperlipidemic alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J Pharmacol 1997;29:162-7. |
| 21. | Prince SM, Menon VP. Hypoglycemic and other related actions of Tinospora cardifolia roots in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Ethanopharmacol 2000;70:9-15. |
| 22. | Ayber MJ, Riera AN, Grau A, Sanchez SS. Hypoglycemic effect of the water extract of Smallanthus soncifolius (Yacon) leaves in normal and diabetic rats. J Ethanopharmacol 2001;74:125-32. |
| 23. | Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Das M, Sharma RM, Ganguly DK. Antihyperglycemic effect of black tea ( Cemellia sinensis ) in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;27:243-75. |
| 24. | Badole S, Patel N, Bodhankar S, Jain B, Bhardwaj S. Antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2006;38:49-53. |
| 25. | Latha M, Pari L. Antihyperglycaemic effect of Cassia auriculata in experimental diabetes and its effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physio 2003;30:38-43. |
| 26. | Suba V, Murugesan T, Bhaskara RR, Ghosh L, Pal M, Mandal SC, Saha BP. Antidiabetic potential of Barleria lupulina extract in rats. Fitoterapia 2004;75:1-4. |
| 27. | Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Campos-Sepulveda AE, Xolalopa-Molina S, Hernandez-Galicia E, Roman-Ramos R. Hypoglycemic activity of Ibervillea sonorae root in healthy and diabetic mice and rats. Pharma Biol 2002;40:570-5. |
| 28. | Ei-Soud NH, Khalil MY, Oraby FS, Farrag AR. Antidiabetic effects of Fenugreek alkaloid extract in streptozotocin induced hypoglycemic rats. J App Sci 2007;3:1073-83. |
| 29. | Nikkhila EA, Kekki M. Plasma triglyceride transport kinetics in diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1973;22:1-22. |
| 30. | Odetola AA, Akinloye O, Egunjobi C, Adekunle WA, Ayoola AO. Possible antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect of fermented Parkia biglobosa (JACQ) extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:808-12. |
| 31. | Fernandes NP, Lagishetty CV, Panda VS, Naik SR. An experimental evaluation of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of a standardized Momordica charantia fruit extract. BMC Compl Altern Med 2007;7:29-37. |
| 32. | Ramalingam S, Pari L. Antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin, a polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2005;5:14-23. |
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Effect of a methanolic extract of Salvadora oleoides Decne. on LPS-activated J774 macrophages, its in vitro and in vivo toxicity study and dereplication of its chemical constituents |
|
| Hafiz Abdul Khaliq, Sergio Ortiz, Mireille Alhouayek, Tanguy Neyts, Giulio G. Muccioli, Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq | | Toxicology Reports. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of
Morus alba Linn. with Reference to its SARS-CoV-2 Inhibiting Potential |
|
| Shahnaz Alom, Farak Ali, Sheikh Rezzak Ali, Abdul Baquee Ahmed | | Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2022; 34(8): 1983 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Anti-diabetic Potential of Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Cholistan Desert, Pakistan: A Review |
|
| Tahira Shamim, Hafiz Muhammad Asif, Ghazala Shaheen, Laila Sumreen, Sultan Ayaz, Tasneem Qureshi, Aymen Owais Ghauri, Tanveer Ali, Mukhtiar Ahmad, Farhan Sajid, Ijaz Khadim, Rida Tanveer, Raeesa Noor, Hina Nawaz, Jahanzaib Kaleem | | Review of Diabetic Studies. 2022; 18(2): 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Phytochemical Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Acalypha wilkesiana |
|
| Anthony Osamuyi Iyamu, Uwaifoh Akpamu, Karen Uwarobehi Iyamu | | Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences. 2021; 2(8): 715 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of an isolated hydroalcoholic fraction from the fruit of withania coagulans |
|
| Md Waris, Naiyer Shahzad, SaeedSaeed Al-Ghamdi, ShowkatRasool Mir, Tanuja | | Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences. 2021; 13(4): 367 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Effects of Aegle marmelos (L.) methanolic leaf extracts on biochemical parameters in diabetic rats |
|
| RaviBabu Birudu, Padmavathi Pamulapati, SathishKumar Manoharan | | Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 10(2): 209 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Evaluation of anti-diabetic and antihypertensive activity of Phoenix sylvestris (L.)Roxb leaves extract and quantification of biomarker Quercetin by HPTLC |
|
| Pankaj Kumar Jain, Sonika Jain, Swapnil Sharma, Sarvesh Paliwal, Gopendra Singh | | Phytomedicine Plus. 2021; 1(4): 100136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Anti-diabetic effects of Ficus Asperifolia in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
|
| Samson Faith Pwaniyibo, Patrick Ambrose Teru, Nadro Margret Samuel, Wan Jin Jahng | | Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2020; 19(1): 605 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
The recent use of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. as antidiabetes type 2 phytomedicine: A systematic review |
|
| Sukardiman, Martha Ervina | | Heliyon. 2020; 6(3): e03536 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Evaluation of biochemical changes in diabetic rats treated with Aegle marmelos (L.) methanolic leaf extract |
|
| RaviBabu Birudu, Padmavathi Pamulapati, SathishKumar Manoharan | | Pharmacognosy Research. 2020; 12(2): 127 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring and Reporting Among Physicians and Pharmacists in Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study |
|
| Zaka Un Nisa, Ayesha Zafar, Fatima Zafar, Sally Pezaro, Farooq Sher | | Current Drug Safety. 2020; 15(2): 137 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF Costus igneus LEAF IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS |
|
| Waseem Iqbal Khanday, Nazir Ahmad Wani, Balaji Paulraj | | Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 2019; 7(1): 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind via monoaminergic pathway |
|
| Isha Dhamija, Milind Parle, Sandeep Kumar | | 3 Biotech. 2017; 7(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Blood glucose level and lipid profile of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations |
|
| Okey A. Ojiako,Paul C. Chikezie,Agomuo C. Ogbuji | | Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
An improved micropropagation and assessment of genetic stability of micropropagated Salvadora oleoides using RAPD and ISSR markers |
|
| Mahendra Phulwaria,Ashok Kumar Patel,Jitendra Singh Rathore,Kheta Ram,N. S. Shekhawat | | Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2014; 36(5): 1115 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties of aqueous root extract of Icacina senegalensis in alloxan induced diabetic rats |
|
| GC Akuodor,PM Udia,A Bassey,KC Chilaka,OA Okezie | | Journal of Acute Disease. 2014; 3(2): 99 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Effects of Brown Seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) Extracts on Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas of Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model |
|
| Mahsa Motshakeri,Mahdi Ebrahimi,Yong Meng Goh,Hemn Hassan Othman,Mohd Hair-Bejo,Suhaila Mohamed | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Synthesis and psychobiological evaluation of modafinil analogs in mice |
|
| Arezou Lari, Isaac Karimi, Hadi Adibi, Alireza Aliabadi, Loghman Firoozpour, Alireza Foroumadi | | DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Investigation of heavy metals in frequently utilized medicinal plants collected from environmentally diverse locations of north western India |
|
| Alpana Kulhari,Arun Sheorayan,Somvir Bajar,Susheel Sarkar,Ashok Chaudhury,Rajwant K Kalia | | SpringerPlus. 2013; 2(1): 676 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Antihyperglycemic effect of fermented Gastrodia elata blume in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice |
|
| Se-Uk Kwon,Ji-Young Im,Sung-Bong Jeon,Ho-Kyun Jee,Yong-Soo Park,Hoon-Yeon Lee,Dae-Ki Kim,Young-Mi Lee | | Food Science and Biotechnology. 2013; 22(5): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Anti hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of aerial parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats |
|
| Rajesh R,Chitra K,Padmaa M Paarakh | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 2(2): S924 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Bersama engleriana leaves in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats |
|
| Watcho Pierre,Achountsa Jeugo Hugues Gildas,Mbiakop Carlos Ulrich,Wankeu-Nya Modeste,Nguelefack Télesphore Benoît,Kamanyi Albert | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012; 12(1): 264 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Studies on the hypoglycemic effects of Murraya paniculata Linn. extract on alloxan-induced oxidative stress in diabetic and non-diabetic models |
|
| MK Gautam,Anamika Gupta,M Vijaykumar,CV Rao,RK Goel | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2012; 2: S186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of <i>Santalum album</i> in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats |
|
| Chaitanya R. Kulkarni, Madhav M. Joglekar, Swapnil B. Patil, Akalpita U. Arvindekar | | Pharmaceutical Biology. 2011; : 1 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic potential and histopathological analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Callistemon lanceolatus leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats |
|
| Sunil Kumar, Vipin Kumar, Om Prakash | | Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of traditional aqueous extract of Zygophyllum album in streptozotocin diabetic mice |
|
| Jamel El Ghoul, Moêz Smiri, Saad Ghrab, Naceur A. Boughattas, Mossadok Ben-Attia | | Pathophysiology. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of leaves of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R.Br., |
|
| Sinnathambi Arulmozhi,Papiya Mitra Mazumder,Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan,Prasad Thakurdesai | | European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2010; 2(1): 23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Caesalpinia bonduc in streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat |
|
| Jana, K., Chatterjee, K., Bera, T.K., Maiti, S., De, D., Ali, K.M., Ghosh, D. | | International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2010; 2(4): 2234-2242 | | [Pubmed] | | | 29 |
Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of feed formulated with Ceiba Pentandra leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats |
|
| Aloke, C., Nwachukwu, N., Idenyi, J.N., Ugwuja, E.I., Nwachi, E.U., Edeogu, C.O., Ogah, O. | | Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2010; 4(9): 4473-4477 | | [Pubmed] | | | 30 |
Effect of aqueous extracts of alligator pear seed (Persea americana Mill) on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats |
|
| Edem, D.O., Ekanem, I.S., Ebong, P.E. | | Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009; 22(3): 272-276 | | [Pubmed] | | | 31 |
Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Feronia elephantum in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
|
| Joshi, R.K., Patil, P.A., Muzawar, M.H.K., Kumar, D., Kholkute, S.D. | | Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 3: 815-821 | | [Pubmed] | | | 32 |
Hypoglycemic activity of Bambusa arundinacea leaf aqueous extract in euglycemic and hyperglycemic Wistar rats |
|
| Joshi, R.K., Patil, P.A., Mujawar, M.H.K., Kumar, D., Kholkute, S.D. | | Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 3: 789-795 | | [Pubmed] | | | 33 |
Hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic extracts of alligator pear seed (persea americana mill) in rats |
|
| Edem, D.O. | | European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 33(4): 669-678 | | [Pubmed] | | | 34 |
Still in search of a herbal medicine |
|
| Thatte, U. | | Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2009; 41(1): 1-3 | | [Pubmed] | | | 35 |
Attenuation of diabetic disorders in experimentally induced diabetic rat by methanol extract of seed of Holarrhena antidysenterica |
|
| Ali, K.M., Bera, T.K., Mandal, S., Barik, B.R., Ghosh, D. | | International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2009; 1(4): 1205-1211 | | [Pubmed] | | | 36 |
Antinociceptive Effect of the Extract of <i>Morus nigra</i> Leaves in Mice |
|
| Marina de Mesquita Padilha, Fabiana Cardoso Vilela, Marcelo José Dias da Silva, Marcelo Henrique dos Santos, Geraldo Alves-da-Silva, Alexandre Giusti-Paiva | | Journal of Medicinal Food. 2009; 12(6): 1381 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
