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 »  Materials and Me...
 »  Results
 »  Discussion
 »  Conclusion
 »  Acknowledgment
 »  References
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Year : 2008  |  Volume : 40  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 19-22
 

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats


Department of Pharmacognosy, Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, 4/1, Pipliya Kakkad, Mayakhedi Road, Nipania, Indore - 452 010, MP, India

Date of Submission23-Aug-2007
Date of Decision10-Feb-2008
Date of Acceptance07-Mar-2008

Correspondence Address:
Rakesh Barik
Department of Pharmacognosy, Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, 4/1, Pipliya Kakkad, Mayakhedi Road, Nipania, Indore - 452 010, MP
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.40484

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 » Abstract 

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats.
Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats (n = 6) were administered aqueous root extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) of Ichnocarpus frutescens or vehicle (gum acacia solution) or standard drug glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) for 15 days. Blood samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture and were analyzed for serum glucose on days 0, 5, 10, and 15 by using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer. For oral glucose tolerance test, glucose (2 g/kg, p.o.) was administered to nondiabetic control rats and the rats treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens. The serum glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after drug administration. The effect of the extract on the body weight of the diabetic rats was also observed.
Results: The aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) induced significant reduction (P < 0.05) of fasting blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats on the 10 th and 15 th days. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the extract increased the glucose tolerance. It also brought about an increase in the body weight of diabetic rats.
Conclusion: It is concluded that Ichnocarpus frutescens has significant antidiabetic activity as it lowers the fasting blood sugar level in diabetic rats and increases the glucose tolerance.


Keywords: Antidiabetic oral glucose tolerance test, Ichnocarpus frutescens, streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus


How to cite this article:
Barik R, Jain S, Qwatra D, Joshi A, Tripathi GS, Goyal R. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:19-22

How to cite this URL:
Barik R, Jain S, Qwatra D, Joshi A, Tripathi GS, Goyal R. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2023 Jun 8];40:19-22. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2008/40/1/19/40484


Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism and by complications like retinopathy, microangiopathy, and nephropathy. [1] Currently available synthetic antidiabetic agents produce serious side effects like hypoglycemic coma [2] and hepatorenal disturbances. [3] Moreover they are not safe for use during pregnancy. [4] Hence, the search for safer and more effective hypoglycemic agents has continued. Following the WHO's recommendation for research on the beneficial uses of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, [5] investigations on hypoglycemic agents derived from medicinal plants have also gained momentum. Several investigations have been conducted and many plants have shown a positive activity. [6] Though the active principles have been isolated from some plants, some still remain to be identified.

Ichnocarpus frutescens (Apocynaceae), commonly known as black creeper and ' dudhilata ' is found all over India. The roots are used as a diuretic and diaphoretic. [7] The stalks and leaves are used in the treatment of skin eruptions and fever. [8] The tribals of Madhya Pradesh [9] use the roots and the siddis of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka [10] use the roots and flowers as a cure for diabetes. So far, however, there is no scientific evidence to support the antidiabetic effect of Ichnocarpus frutescens (IF). The objective of this study was to ascertain the scientific basis for the use of this plant in the management of diabetes using streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats.


 » Materials and Methods Top


Collection of plant material

The roots of IF were collected from the local market in Madhya Pradesh and identified by Dr. S.C. Jena, Director, Chattisgarh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Limited, Madhya Pradesh, and Mr. A. K. Murthy, Medicinal Plants Survey, Central Ayurvedic Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Preparation of aqueous root extract of IF

The aqueous extract was prepared by cold maceration of 150 g of the shade-dried roots' powder in 500 ml of drinking water for 7 days. The extract was filtered, concentrated, dried in vacuo (yield 65 g), and the residue stored in a refrigerator at 2-8°C for use in the experiments. [11]

Animals

Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats between 2-3 months of age and weighing 250-280 g were used for the study. Housed individually in polypropylene cages, maintained under standard conditions (12-h light and 12-h dark cycle; 25 ± 5°C; 35-60% humidity), the animals were fed with standard rat pellet diet (Hindustan Lever Ltd, Mumbai, India) and provided water ad libitum .

Acute toxicity study

Animals were starved overnight and divided into five groups ( n = 6). They were fed orally with the aqueous extract of IF in increasing dose levels of 100, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The animals were observed continuously for 2 h for the following: [12]

i. Behavioral profile: alertness, restlessness, irritability, and fearfulness

ii. Neurological profile: spontaneous activity, reactivity, touches response, pain response, and gait

iii. Autonomic profile: defecation and urination

The number of deaths, if any were recorded after 24 and 72 h.

Induction of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

NIDDM was induced [13] by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) followed by nicotinamide (Ranbaxy Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai, India) 120 mg/kg, i.p, 15 min afterwards. Streptozotocin (STZ) was dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and nicotinamide was dissolved in normal saline. [14] Hyperglycemia was confirmed by the elevated glucose levels in plasma, determined at 72 h and then on day 7 after injection. The threshold value of fasting plasma glucose to diagnose diabetes was taken as >126 mg/dl. [15] Only those rats that were found to have permanent NIDDM were used for the study.

Collection of blood and determination of serum glucose

Blood was withdrawn from the retroorbital sinus under ether inhalation anesthesia and glucose levels were estimated using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer (Accu-Chek, Roche Diagnostics, USA).

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

The oral glucose tolerance test [16] was performed in overnight (18-h) fasted normal rats. Rats divided into four groups ( n = 6) were administered either drinking water or IF aqueous extract, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Glucose (2 g/kg) was fed 30 min after the administration of the extract. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as the standard drug. Blood was withdrawn from the retroorbital sinus under ether inhalation anesthesia at 30, 60, and 120 min of glucose administration and glucose levels were estimated using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer (Accu-Chek, Roche Diagnostics, USA).

Experimental design for antidiabetic study

Overnight fasted diabetic rats were divided for the antidiabetic study in the following manner: Group I: diabetic control rats administered gum acacia daily for 15 days; Group II: diabetic rats administered IF aqueous extract (250 mg/kg); Group III: diabetic rats administered IF aqueous extract (500 mg/kg); Group IV: diabetic rats administered the standard drug glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) for 15 days.

The fasting blood glucose levels were determined on day 0, 10, and 15. During the experimental period, the rats were weighed daily and the mean change in body weight was calculated.

Statistical analysis

Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Sheffe's test using SPSS, version 7.5. The values were considered significant when P < 0.05. [17]


 » Results Top


Effect of IF aqueous root extract on acute toxicity study

Acute toxicity studies revealed the nontoxic nature of the aqueous root extract of IF . There were no lethality or toxic reactions found at any of the doses selected until the end of the study period. All the animals were alive, healthy, and active during the observation period.

Effect of IF aqueous root extract on oral glucose tolerance test

In OGTT, the aqueous extract induced significant reduction in plasma glucose levels from 30 min onwards [Table - 1].

Effect of IF aqueous root extract on fasting blood sugar level

On repeated administration of the extract for 15 days, a significant decrease in the fasting blood sugar level was observed in the diabetic rats as compared to the control [Table - 2].

Effect of IF aqueous root extract on changes in body weight

Diabetic rats showed a decrease in body weight during the experimental period; this was significantly antagonized by the extract [Table - 3].


 » Discussion Top


The present work has detected the antidiabetic effect of the aqueous roots extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide injection caused diabetes mellitus, probably due to destruction of the β-cells of the  Islets of Langerhans More Details of the pancreas. [18] Over-production of glucose and decreased utilization by the tissues form the fundamental basis of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. [19]

When IF aqueous roots extract was administered to glucose-loaded normal rats, hypoglycemia was observed after 30 min, with the maximum effect being seen at 2 h. Our investigations also indicate the efficacy of the aqueous extract in the maintenance of blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Induction of diabetes with STZ is associated with a characteristic loss of body weight, which is due to increased muscle wasting [20] and loss of tissue proteins. [21] Diabetic rats treated with the IF extract showed an increase in body weight as compared to the diabetic control, which may be due to its effect in controlling muscle wasting, i.e., by reversal of antagonizing. [22]


 » Conclusion Top


The aqueous extract of the roots of Ichnocarpus frutescens has antidiabetic activity as it lowers serum glucose levels in diabetic rats and significantly increases glucose tolerance. It also increases the body weight of diabetic rats. Hence, long-term studies of Ichnocarpus frutescens and its isolated compounds are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of action so as to develop it as a potent antidiabetic drug.


 » Acknowledgment Top


The authors sincerely thank the management of Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.

 
 » References Top

1.Akhtar FM, Ali MR. Study of the anti diabetic effect of a compound medicinal plant prescription in normal and diabetic rabbit. J Pak Med Assoc 1980;34:239-44.  Back to cited text no. 1    
2.Larner J. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drug. Glucogan. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall IW, Murad F, editors. The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: Macmillan; p-1490-516.  Back to cited text no. 2    
3.Suba V, Murugesan T, Arunachalam G, Mandal SC, Sahu BP. Anti diabetic potential of Barleria lupilina extract in rats. Phytomed 2004;11:202-5.  Back to cited text no. 3    
4.Rahman Q, Zaman K. Medicinal plants with hypoglycemic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;26:1-55.  Back to cited text no. 4    
5.The WHO Expert Committee on diabetes mellitus. Technical Report Series. World Health Organization: 1980.  Back to cited text no. 5    
6.Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Dinesh C. Oral antidiabetic activity of Annona squamosa leaf alcohol extract in NIDDM rats. Pharm Biol 2004;42:30-5.  Back to cited text no. 6    
7.Nadkarni AK. Ichnocarpus frutescens . In: The Indian Materia Medica. Volume - 1. Bombay Popular Prakashan; 2002. p. 674.  Back to cited text no. 7    
8.Yoganarasimhan SN, Togunashi VS, Keshavamurthy KR, Govindaiah H. In: Medicobotany of Tumkur District, Karnataka. J Eco Taxon Botany 1982;3:391-406.  Back to cited text no. 8    
9.Yousuf-Shaw H, Tripathi L, Bhattacharya S. Antidiabetic plants used by tribals in Madhya Pradesh. Nat Product Radiance 2004;3:427-8.  Back to cited text no. 9    
10.Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekhar KR, Kaveriappa KM. Medical ethnobotany of the Siddis of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;47:149-58.  Back to cited text no. 10    
11.Shirwaikar A,Rajendran K, Dinesh C, Bodla R. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona squamosa in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type-2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;91:171-5.  Back to cited text no. 11    
12.Turner MA. In: Screening methods in Pharmacology. New York: Academic Press; 1965. p. 26.  Back to cited text no. 12    
13.Pellegrino M, Christopher B, Michelle M, Gerard R. Development of a new model of type II diabetes in adult rats administered with streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Diabetes 1998;47:224-30.  Back to cited text no. 13    
14.Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Barik R. Effect of aqueous bark extract of Garuga pinnata Roxb. in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;107:285-90.  Back to cited text no. 14    
15.American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998;21:23-31.  Back to cited text no. 15    
16.Bonner-Weir S. Morphological evidence of pancreatic polarity of beta cells within islets of langerhans. Diabetes 1988;37:616-21.  Back to cited text no. 16  [PUBMED]  
17.Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Punitha IS. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;97:369-74.  Back to cited text no. 17  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
18.Kavalali G, Tuncel H, Goksel S, Hatemi MH. Hypoglycemic activity of Urtica pilulifera in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;84:241-5.  Back to cited text no. 18    
19.Chattopadhyay R. Hypoglycemic effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1993;31:891-3.  Back to cited text no. 19    
20.Swanston-Flat SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatment for diabetes: Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetol 1990;33:462-4.  Back to cited text no. 20    
21.Chatterjea MN, Shinde R. Diabetes mellitus. In: Text Book of Medical Biochemistry. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2002. p. 317.  Back to cited text no. 21    
22.Whitton PD, Hems DA. Glycogen synthesis in perfused liver of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Biochem J 1975;21:150-3.  Back to cited text no. 22    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]

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